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7. Вкусовые предпочтения крыс можно оценить, приглядевшись к выражениям их мордочек. Если крысе не нравится какой-то вкус (например, ей дали горький раствор), она обычно открывает пасть и трясет головой вперед-назад. Если вкус ей нравится, то она высовывает язык – словно облизывает губы. Любопытно, что младенцы реагируют точно так же. См.: K.C. Berridge and T.E. Robinson, “What Is the Role of Dopamine in Reward: Hedonic Impact, Reward Learning, or Incentive Salience?” Brain Research Reviews 28, no. 3 (December 1998): 309–369.
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11 D.J. Nutt, A. Lingford-Hughes, D. Erritzoe, and P.R. Stokes, “The Dopamine Theory of Addiction: 40 Years of Highs and Lows,” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 16, no. 5 (May 2015): 305–312.
12. K.G. Berridge and M.L. Kringelbach, “Pleasure Systems in the Brain,” Neuron 86, no. 3 (May 2015): 646–664.
13. Там же.
14. D.C. Castro and K.C. Berridge, “Opioid Hedonic Hotspot in Nucleus Accumbens Shell: Mu, Delta, and Kappa Maps for Enhancement of Sweetness ‘Liking’ and ‘Wanting,’” Journal of Neuroscience 34, no. 12 (March 2014): 4239–4250.
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17. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Key Substance Use and Mental Health Indicators in the United States: Results from the 2016 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (Maryland: Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, 2017).
18. Sussman et al., “Prevalence of the Addictions,” 3-56.
19. “Overdose Death Rates,” National Institute on Drug Abuse, last modified January 2019, https://www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/ trends-statistics/overdose-death-rates.
20. T.E. Robinson and B. Kolb, “Structural Plasticity Associated with Exposure to Drugs of Abuse,” Neuropharmacology 47, Suppl. 1 (2004): 33–46.
21 A.R. Childress, R.N. Ehrman, Z. Wang, Y. Li, N. Sciortino, J. Hakun, W. Jens, et al., “Prelude to Passion: Limbic Activation by ‘Unseen’ Drug and Sexual Cues,” PLoS One 3, no. 1 (January 2008): e1506.
22. M. Muraven, “Practicing Self-Control Lowers the Risk of Smoking Lapse,” Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 24, no. 3 (September
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23 R.Z. Goldstein and N.D. Volkow, “Dysfunction of the Prefrontal Cortex in Addiction: Neuroimaging Findings and Clinical Implications,” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 12, no. 11 (October 2011): 652–669.
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Глава 9
1. A Life Without Pain. Movie. Directed by M. Gilbert. Frozen Feet Films, 2015.
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5. D.V. Reynolds, “Surgery in the Rat during Electrical Analgesia Induced by Focal Brain Stimulation,” Science 164, no. 3878 (April 1969): 444–445.
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7. J. Dum, C. Gramsch, and A. Herz, “Activation of Hypothalamic Beta-Endorphin Pools by Reward Induced by Highly Palatable Food,” Pharmacology, Biochemistry, & Behavior 18, no. 3 (March 1983): 443–447.
8. J.S. Odendaal and R.A. Meintjes, “Neurophysiological Correlates of Affiliative Behaviour between Humans and Dogs,” Veterinary Journal 165, no. 3 (May 2003): 296–301.
9. R.D. Treede, W. Rief, A. Barke, Q. Aziz, M.I. Bennett, R. Benoliel, M. Cohen, et al., “A Classification of Chronic Pain for ICD-11,” Pain 156, no. 6 (June 2015): 1003–1007.
10. R.J. Crook, K. Dickson, R.T. Hanlon, and E.T. Walters, “Nociceptive Sensitization Reduces Predation Risk,” Current Biology 24, no. 10 (May 2014): 1121–1125.
11. E. Ernst, “Acupuncture: What Does the Most Reliable Evidence Tell Us?” Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 37, no. 4 (April 2009): 709–714.
12. “Overdose Death Rates,” National Institute on Drug Abuse, last modified January 2019, https://www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/ trends-statistics/overdose-death-rates.
Глава 10
1. S. Aglioti, N. Smania, M. Manfredi, and G. Berlucchi, “Disowner-ship of Left Hand and Objects Related to It in a Patient with Right Brain Damage,” Neuroreport 8, no. 1 (December 1996): 293–296.
