23. John Colapinto, “The true story of John/Joan,” Rolling Stone 775 (1997): 54–73, 97; John Colapinto, As Nature Made Him: The Boy who Was Raised as a Girl (New York: Harper Perennial, 2000).
24. Karkazis, Fixing Sex, 47.
25. C. H. Phoenix et al., “Organizing Action of Prenatally Administered Testosterone Propionate on the Tissues Mediating Mating Behavior in the Female Guinea Pig,” Endocrinology 65, no. 3 (1959): 369–382.
26. Randi Hutter Epstein, Get Me Out: A History of Childbirth from the Garden of Eden to the Sperm Bank (New York: W. W. Norton, 2010).
27. Fausto-Sterling, “The Five Sexes.”
28. J. L. Morris, “Intersexuality,” Journal of the American Medical Association 163, no. 7 (1957): 538–542; Robert B. Edgerton, “Pokot Intersexuality: An East African Example of the Resolution of Sexual Incongruity,” American Anthropologist 66, no. 6 (1964): 1288–1299; John Money, “Psychologic Evaluation of the Child with Intersex Problems,” Pediatrics 36, no. 1 (1965): 51–55; Cheryl Chase, “Letters from Readers,” The Sciences 33, no. 3 (1993).
29. Jennifer E. Dayner et al., “Medical Treatment of Intersex: Parental Perspectives,” Journal of Urology 172 (2004): 1762–1765.
30. Jurg C. Streuli et al., “Shaping Parents: Impact of Contrasting Professional Counseling on Parents’ Decision Making for Children with Disorders of Sex Development,” Journal of Sexual Medicine 10, no. 8 (2013): 1953–1960.
31. Бо Лоран, интервью автора.
Глава восьмая. Мы растем
Эта глава написана на основе обширных интервью с доктором Элом и Барбарой Балабанами, а также газетных вырезок, которыми они щедро поделились со мной, и интервью с доктором Робертом Близзардом, почетным профессором педиатрической эндокринологии в Университете штата Вирджиния; доктора Альберта Парлоу, профессора гормональной биохимии в Лос-Анджелесском биомедицинском научно-исследовательском институте; доктором Майклом Аминоффом, директором клиники по борьбе с болезнью Паркинсона и двигательными расстройствами в Калифорнийском университете в Сан-Франциско; и Кэрол Хинц, вдовой доктора Рэймонда Хинца. Подробнейший обзор истории лечения гормоном роста вы найдете в Stephen Hall, Size Matters: How Height Affects the Health, Happiness, and Success of Boys – and the Men They Become (New York: Houghton Miffl in Harcourt, 2006), Susan Cohen and Christine Cosgrove, Normal at Any Cost: Tall Girls, Short Boys, and the Medical Industry’s Quest to Manipulate Height (New York: Tarcher, 2009), и Aimee Medeiros, Heightened Expectations (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2016); последняя книга основана на кандидатской диссертации автора по истории здравоохранения в Калифорнийском университете в Сан-Франциско, с которой я ознакомлена. Аурелиа Минутиа и Дженнифер Йи поделились со мной информацией о докторе Эдне Собел.
1. Ron G. Rosenfeld, “Endocrine Control of Growth,” in Noel Cameron and Barry Bogin, eds., Human Growth and Development, 2nd ed. (New York: Elsevier, 2012).
2. Melvin Grumbach, “Herbert McLean Evans, Revolutionar y in Modern Endocrinology: A Tale of Great Expectations,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 55, no. 6 (1982): 1240–1247.
3. “Scientist Predicts Pituitary Treatment Will Overcome the ‘Inferiority Complex,’” New York Times, August 2, 1937.
4. Medeiros, “Heightened Expectations” (PhD thesis), 152.
5. Sheila Rothman and David Rothman, The Pursuit of Perfection (New York: Pantheon, 2003), 173.
6. Там же, 174.
7. “Hormone to Aid Growth Isolated but It Is Too Costly for Wide Use,” New York Times, March 8, 1944; “What Scientists Are Doing,” New York Herald Tribune, March 19, 1944; Choh Hao Li and Herbert Evans, “The Isolation of Pituitary Growth Hormone,” Science 99, no. 2566 (1944): 183–184.
8. Earl Ubell, “Hormone Makes Dwarf Grow: May Also Offer Clues in Cancer, Obesity, Aging,” New York Herald Tribune, March 29, 1958; Earl Ubell, “Hormones May Be Tailor-Made,” New York Herald Tribune, May 10, 1959.
9. Edna Sobel, “The Use of Methyltestosterone to Stimulate Growth: Relative Infl uence on Skeletal Maturation and Linear Growth,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 16, no. 2 (1955): 241–248.
10. Li and Evans, “The Isolation of Pituitary Growth Hormone.”
11. M. S. Raben, “Letter to the Editor: Dwarf Treated with Human Growth Hormone,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 18, no. 8 (1958): 901–903.
12. Earl Ubell, “Hormone Makes Dwarf Grow,” New York Herald Tribune, March 29, 1958.
13. Alton L. Blakeslee, “Stimulant Found in Pituitary Powder: Growth Hormone Isolated: Found Capable of Inducing Added Height in Children Dwarfed by Natural Causes,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, March 29, 1958.
14. Доктор Сальваторе Раити, интервью автора.
15. Rothman and Rothman, The Pursuit of Perfection, 171.
16. Podine Schoenberger, “Pilot Honored by Pathologists,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, March 26, 1968.
17. Rothman and Rothman, The Pursuit of Perfection, 171.
18. Robert Blizzard, “History of Human Growth Hormone,” Indian Journal of Pediatrics 79, no. 1 (2012): 87–91.
19. Medeiros, “Heightened Expectations” (PhD thesis), 166.
Глава девятая. Измерить неизмеримое
Доктор Томас Фоли, профессор педиатрической эндокринологии из Питтсбургского университета, сообщил мне подробности истории щитовидной железы. Биографические данные о Розалин Ялоу позаимствованы из книги Rosalyn Yalow, Nobel Laureate: Her Life and Work in Medicine (New York: Basic Books, 1998), написанной бывшим учеником, ставшим коллегой и другом семьи, доктором Юджином Штраусом. Также я взяла интервью у нескольких коллег доктора Ялоу и ее детей и смотрела домашние видеозаписи Ялоу, мероприятия в ее честь и мемориальные мероприятия.
1. Straus, Rosalyn Yalow, 46.
2. Там же, 34.
3. Милдред Дрессельхаус, домашнее видео с поминок, архив Ялоу.
4. “Rosalyn Yalow and Solomon Berson,” Chemical Heritage Foundation, August 13, 2015, https://www.chemheritage.org/historical-profile/rosalyn-yalow-and-solomon-a-berson.
5. S. A. Berson and R. S. Yalow et al., “Insuline-I131 Metabolism in Human Subjects: Demonstration of Insulin Binding Globulin in the Circulation of Insulin-Treated Subjects,” Journal of Clinical Investigation 35 (1956): 170.
6. Rosalyn S. Yalow and Solomon A. Berson, “Immunoassay of Endogenous Plasma Insulin in Man,” Journal of Clinical Investigation 39, no. 7 (1960): 1157–1175.
