С. 377. Репрессивные личности: они действительно счастливы: Brandtstadter, J., Balte, S., Gotz, B., Kirschbaum, C., and Hellhammer, D., “Developmental and personality correlates of adrenocortical activity as indexed by salivary cortisol: observations in the age range of 35 to 65 years,” Journal of Psychosomatic Research 35 (1991): 173; Weinberger, D., Schwartz, G., and Davidson, R., “Low-anxious, highanxious, and repressive coping styles: psychometric patterns and behavioral and physiological responses to stress,” Journal of Abnormal Psychology 88 (1979): 369; Shaw, R., Cohen, F., Fishman-Rosen, R., Murphy, M., Stertzer, S., Clark, D., and Myler, K., “Psychologic predictors of psychosocial and medical outcomes in patients undergoing coronary angioplasty,” Psychosomatic Medicine 48 (1986): 582; Shaw, R., Cohen, F., Doyle, B., and Palesky, J., “The impact of denial and repressive style on information gain and rehabilitation outcomes in myocardial infarction patients,” Psychosomatic Medicine 47 (1985): 262.
Паттерны репрессивного поведения: Brown, L., Tomarken, A., Orth, D., Loosen, P., Kalin, N., and Davidson, R., “Individual differences in repressive-defensiveness predict basal salivary cortisol levels,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 70 (1996): 362. Такие индивиды имеют ухудшенные иммунные профили: Jamner, L., Schwartz,
G. , and Leigh, H., “The relationship between repressive and defensive coping styles and monocyte, eosinophile, and serum glucose levels: support for the opioid peptide hypothesis of repression,” Psychosomatic Medicine 50 (1988): 567; Tomarken, A., and Davidson, R., “Frontal brain activation in repressors and nonrepressors,” Journal of Abnormal Psychology 103 (1994): 339; Damasio, A., Tranel, D., and Damasio,
H. , “Individuals with sociopathic behavior caused by frontal damage fail to respond autonomically to social stimuli,” Behavioural Brain Research 41 (1990): 81.
Глава 16. Наркоманы, адреналиновые наркоманы и удовольствие
С. 380. Blakemore, S., Wolpert, D., and Frith, C., “Why can’t you tickle yourself?” NeuroReport 11 (2000): R11. Секс и его влияние на уровни глюкокортикоидов: Woodson, J., Macintosh, D., Fleshner, M., and Diamond, D., “Emotion-induced amnesia in rats: working memory-specific impairment, corticosterone-memory correlation, and fear versus arousal effects on memory,” Learning and Memory 10 (2003): 326.
С. 382. Дофамин и внешний/прилегающий проводящие пути: хорошие, хотя и откровенно специальные обзоры могут быть найдены в Kelley, A., and Berridge, K., “The neuroscience of natural rewards: relevance to addictive drugs,” Journal of Neuroscience 22 (2002): 3306-11; Koob, G. F., “Allostatic view of motivation: implications for psychopathology” в Bevins, R., and Bardo, M. T., eds., Motivational Factors in the Etiology of Drug Abuse, Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, vol. 50 (Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press), in press.
С. 383. Исследования Шульца: Schultz, W., Tremblay, L., and Holerman, J., “Reward processing in primate orbitofrontal cortex and basal ganglia,” Cerebral Cortex 10 (2000): 272; Waelti, P., Dickinson, A., and Schultz, W., “Dopamine responses comply with basic assumptions of formal learning theory,” Nature 412 (2001): 43.
С. 385. Исследования Филипса: Phillips, P., Stuber, G., Heien, M., Wightman, R., and Carelli, R., “Subsecond dopamine release promotes cocaine seeking,” Nature 422
(2003) : 614.
С. 385. Недавнее исследование, выполненное Шульцем: Fiorillo, C., Tobler, P., and Schultz, W., “Discrete coding of reward probability and uncertainty by dopamine neurons,” Science 299 (2003): 1998; это и предыдущее исследование обсуждаются в Sapolsky, R., “The pleasures (and pain) of ‘maybe,’” Natural History (September 2003): 22.
С. 386. Исследование истинной любви описано в Helmuth, L., “Caudate-over-heels in love,” Science 302 (2003): 1320.
С. 387. Игры у животных: Spinka, M., Newberry, R., and Bekoff, M., “Mammalian play: training for the unexpected,” Quarterly Review of Biology 76 (2001): 141. Хороший обзор различий между вызовом (т. е. стимулированием) и угрозой см. в Epel, E., McEwen, B., and Ockovics, J., “Embodying psychological thriving: physical thriving in response to stress,” Journal of Social Issues 54 (1998): 301.
С. 387. Глюкокортикоиды и дофамин: Piazza, P., and Le Moal, M., “Glucocorticoids as a biological substrate of reward: physiological and pathophysiological implications,” Brain Research Reviews 25 (1997): 359; Rouge-Pont, F., Abrous, D., Le Moal, M., and Piazza, P., “Release of endogenous dopamine in cultured mesencephalic neurons: influence of dopaminergic agonists and glucocorticoid antagonists,” European Journal of Neuroscience 1 (1999): 2343; Piazza, P., and Le Moal, M., “The role of stress in drug self-administration,” Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 19 (1998): 6; Deroche-Gamonet, V., Sillaber, I., Aouizerate, B., Izawa, R., Jaber, M., Ghozland, S., Kellendonk, C., Le Moal, M., Spanagel, R., Schutz, G., Tronche, F., and Piazza, P. V., “The glucocorticoid receptor as a potential target to reduce cocaine abuse,” Journal of Neuroscience 23 (2003): 4785.
Стресс и истощение дофамина: Gambarana, C., Masi, F., Tagliamonte, A., Scherggi,
S., Ghiglieri, O., and De Monti, M., “A chronic stress that impairs reactivity in rats also decreases dopaminergic transmission in the nucleus accumbens: a microdialysis study,”
Journal of Neurochemistry 72 (1999): 2039. Стресс и выделение дофамина миндалевидным телом: Wolak, M., Gold, P., and Chrousos, G., “Stress system: emphasis on CRF in physiologic stress responses and the endocrinopathies of melancholic and atypical depression,” Endocrine Reviews 11 (2002), in press.
С. 389. Нейроны, нечувствительные к дофаминовым сигналам: Ding, Y., Chi, H., Grady, D., Morishima, A., Kidd, J., Kidd, K., Flodman, P., Spence, M., Schuck, S., Swanson, J., Zhang, Y., and Moyzis, M., “Evidence of positive selection acting at the human dopamine receptor D4 gene locus,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99 (2002): 309.
С. 390. Общие свойства различных вредных зависимостей: Holden, C., “‘Behavioral’ addictions; Do they exist?” Science 294 (2001): 980. Обсуждение вопроса о том, действительно ли нейробиология вредных зависимостей применима в совершенно другой области, см. в Insel, T., “Is social attachment an addictive disorder?” Physiology and Behavior 79 (2003): 351.
С. 390. Корреляция между активацией проводящих путей и субъективным удовольствием: Stein, Elliott, lecture, University of Wisconsin, April 2002. Abbott, A., “Addicted,” Nature 419 (2002): 872.
С. 391. Противоположный процесс: Ahmed, S., Lin, D., Koob, G., and Parsons, L., “Escalation of cocaine self-administration does not depend on altered cocaineinduced nucleus accumbens dopamine levels,” Journal of Neurochemistry 86 (2003): 102.
С. 392. Эндогенные опиаты и «желание»: Kelley and Berridge, op. cit.
С. 393. Зависимый от контекста рецидив: Grimm, J., Hope, B., Wise, R., and Shaham, Y., “Incubation of cocaine craving after withdrawal,” Nature 412 (2001): 141; Schulteis,
