Онлайн книга
Примечания книги
1
Пер. А. Н. Егунова.
2
G. Berns, How Dogs Love Us: A Neuroscientist and His Adopted Dog Decode the Canine Brain (New York: New Harvest, 2013).
3
T. Nagel, “What Is It Like to Be a Bat?” Philosophical Review 83 (1974): 435–450.
4
О дихотомии внешних и внутренних ощущений философы задумывались задолго до Нагеля. См. L. Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations, translated by G. E. M. Anscombe, P. M. S. Hacker, and J. Schulte, 4th ed. (West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009) (Витгенштейн, Людвиг. Философские исследования).
5
P. M. Churchland, “Some Reductive Strategies in Cognitive Neurobiology,” Mind 95 (1986): 279–309; P. Godfrey-Smith, “On Being an Octopus,” Boston Review, May/June 2013, 46–60.
6
Проницательный читатель заметит, что мозг представляет собой нелинейную систему и, вполне возможно, нечто большее, чем просто сумму своих частей. Мне кажется, области сходства можно сравнить с ракурсами фотосъемки. Фотография – это двумерное, плоское отображение пространства, но, если один снимок не дает полного представления об объекте, можно произвести съемку с разных точек и получить достаточно объемную, приближенную к действительности картину. Соответственно, вышеупомянутые области тоже могут быть снимками сознания «с разных точек».
7
J. E. LeDoux, “Coming to Terms with Fear,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 111 (2014): 2871–2878.
8
A. M. Owen, M. R. Coleman, M. Boly, M. H. Davis, S. Laureys, and J. D. Pickard, “Detecting Awareness in the Vegetative State,” Science 313 (2006): 1402.
9
K. N. Kay, T. Naselaris, R. J. Prenger, and J. L. Gallant, “Identifying Natural Images from Human Brain Activity,” Nature 452 (2008): 352–356; S. Nishimoto, A. T. Vu, T. Naselaris, Y. Benjamini, B. Yu, and J. L. Gallant, “Reconstructing Visual Experiences from Brain Activity Evoked by Natural Movies,” Current Biology 21 (2011): 1641–1646; T. Naselaris, C. A. Olman, D. E. Stansbury, K. Ugurbil, and J. L. Gallant, “A Voxel-Wise Encoding Model for Early Visual Areas Decodes Mental Images of Remembered Scenes,” NeuroImage 105 (2015): 215–228.
10
K. Rubia, S. Overmeyer, E. Taylor, M. Brammer, S. C. R. Williams, A. Simmons, C. Andrew, and E. T. Bullmore, “Functional Frontalisation with Age: Mapping Neurodevelopmental Trajectories with FMRI,” Neuroscience Biobehavioral Reviews 24 (2000): 13–19; A. R. Aron, T. E. Behrens, S. Smith, M. J. Frank, and R. A. Poldrack, “Triangulating a Cognitive Control Network Using Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Functional MRI,” Journal of Neuroscience 27 (2007): 3743–3752; A. Aron, T. W. Robbins, and R. A. Poldrack, “Inhibition and the Right Inferior Frontal Cortex,” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 8 (2004): 170–177.
11
W. Mischel, Y. Shoda, and M. L. Rodriguez, “Delay of Gratification in Children,” Science 244 (1989): 933–938.
12
B. J. Casey, L. H. Somerville, I. H. Gotlib, O. Ayduk, N. T. Franklin, M. K. Askren, J. Jonides, et al. “Behavioral and Neural Correlates of Delay of Gratification 40 Years Later,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108 (2011): 14998–15003.
13
Здесь и далее «говорящие» клички животных даются в переводе для передачи описываемых автором особенностей характера и внешности испытуемых, однако, поскольку речь идет о реальных животных, участвовавших в исследовании и фигурирующих в опубликованных автором и его коллегами научных работах, оригинал клички приводится в скобках при первом упоминании. – Прим. пер.
14
B. Milner, “Effects of Different Brain Lesions on Card Sorting: The Role of the Frontal Lobes,” Archives of Neurology 9 (1963): 90–100; A. M. Owen, A. C. Roberts, J. R. Hodges, B. A. Summers, C. E. Polkey, and T. W. Robbins, “Contrasting Mechanisms of Impaired Attentional Set-Shifting in Patients with Frontal Lobe Damage or Parkinson’s Disease,” Brain 116 (1993): 1159–1175.
15
A. Diamond and P. S. Goldman-Rakic, “Comparison of Human Infants and Rhesus Monkeys on Piaget’s AB Task: Evidence for Dependence on Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex,” Experimental Brain Research 74 (1989): 24–40.
16
E. L. MacLean, B. Hare, C. L. Nunn, E. Addessi, F. Amici, R. C. Anderson, F. Aureli, et al., “The Evolution of Self-Control,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 111 (2014): E2140 – E2148.
17
W. James, The Principles of Psychology (New York: Henry Holt, 1890); I. P. Pavlov, Conditioned Reflexes (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1927); E. L. Thorndike, Animal Intelligence (New York: Macmillan, 1911); B. F. Skinner, The Behavior of Organisms: An Experimental Analysis (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1938).
18
A. Newell and H. A. Simon, Human Problem Solving (New York: Prentice-Hall, 1972).
19
D. E. Rumelhart, J. L. McClelland, and PDP Research Group, Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the Microstructure of Cognition (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1986); P. S. Churchland and T. J. Sejnowski, The Computational Brain (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1992).
20
G. Jékeley, F. Keijzer, and P. Godfrey-Smith, “An Option Space for Early Neural Evolution,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 370 (2015): 20150181.
21
F. J. Varela, E. Thompson, and E. Rosch, The Embodied Mind: Cognitive Science and Human Experience (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991).
22
L. P. J. Selen, M. N. Shadlen, and D. M. Wolpert, “Deliberation in the Motor System: Reflex Gains Track Evolving Evidence Leading to a Decision,” Journal of Neuroscience 32 (2012): 2276–2286.
23
A. R. Damasio, Descartes’ Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1994).
24
N. Shubin, Your Inner Fish: A Journey into the 3.5-Billion-Year History of the Human Body (New York: Pantheon, 2008).
25
M. Ruta, J. Botha-Brink, S. A. Mitchell, and M. J. Benton, “The Radiation of Cynodonts and the Ground Plan of Mammalian Morphological Diversity,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 280 (2013): 20131865.
26
G. von Bonin, “Brain-Weight and Body-Weight of Mammals,” Journal of General Psychology 16 (1937): 379–389; K. S. Lashley, “Persistent Problems in the Evolution of Mind,” Quarterly Review of Biology 24 (1949): 28–42; L. Chittka and J. Niven, “Are Bigger Brains Better?” Current Biology 19 (2009): R995 – R1008.
27
H. J. Jerison, Evolution of the Brain and Intelligence (New York: Academic, 1973).
28
G. Roth and U. Dicke, “Evolution of the Brain and Intelligence,” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 9 (2005): 250–257.
29
Например, площадь сферы пропорциональна r2, где r – радиус, тогда как объем пропорционален r3. Соответственно, площадь будет пропорциональна объему в степени 2/3.
30
T. W. Deacon, “Rethinking Mammalian Brain Evolution,” American Zoologist 30 (1990): 629–705.
31
Несмотря на убедительные свидетельства положительного воздействия диеты и физических упражнений на когнитивные функции, скорее всего, это объясняется не изменением массы тела, а активизацией фактора роста нейронов.
32
S. Herculano-Houzel, The Human Advantage: A New Understanding of How Our Brain Became Remarkable (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2016).
33
B. L. Finlay and R. B. Darlington, “Linked Regularities in the Development and Evolution of Mammalian Brains,” Science 268 (1995): 1578–1584.
34
R. A. Barton and P. H. Harvey, “Mosaic Evolution of Brain Structure in Mammals,” Nature Neuroscience 405 (2000): 1055–1058
35
H. J. Karten, “Vertebrate Brains and Evolutionary Connectomics: On the Origins of the Mammalian ‘Neocortex,’” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 370 (2015): 20150060.
36
J. R. Krebs, D. F. Sherry, S. D. Healy, V. H. Perry, and A. L. Vaccarino, “Hippocampal Specialization of Food-Storing Birds,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 86 (1989): 1388–1392.
37
K. Zhang and T. J. Sejnowski, “A Universal Scaling Law Between Gray Matter and White Matter of Cerebral Cortex,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 97 (2000): 5621–5626.
38
S. Seung, Connectome: How the Brain’s Wiring Makes Us Who We Are (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2012).
39
S. Dehaene, Consciousness and the Brain: Deciphering How the Brain Codes Our Thoughts (New York: Penguin, 2014).
40
T. M. Perl, L. Bedard, T. Kosatsky, E. C. D. Todd, and R. S. Remis, “An Outbreak of ToxicEncephalopathy Caused by Eating Mussels Contaminated with Domoic Acid,” New England Journal of Medicine 322 (1990): 1775–1780.
41
H. Parfenova, S. Basuroy, S. Bhattacharya, D. Tcheranova, Y. Qu, R. F. Regan, and C. W. Leffler, “Glutamate Induces Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Cerebral Vascular Endothelial Cells: Contributions of HO-1 and HO-2 to Cytoprotection,” American Journal of Physiology – Cell Physiology 290 (2006): C1399 – C1410.
42
R. S. Teitelbaum, R. J. Zatorre, S. Carpenter, D. Gendron, A. C. Evans, and A. Gjedde, “Neurologic Sequelae of Domoic Acid Intoxication Due to the Ingestion of Contaminated Mussels,” New England Journal of Medicine 322 (1990): 1781–1787.
43
S. S. Bates, C. J. Bird, A. S. W. de Freitas, R. Foxall, M. Gilgan, L. A. Hanic, G. R. Johnson, et al., “Pennate Diatom Nitzschia Pungens as the Primary Source of Domoic Acid, a Toxin in Shellfish from Eastern Prince Edward Island, Canada,” Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 46 (1989): 1203–1215.
44
C. A. Scholin, F. Gulland, G. J. Doucette, S. Benson, M. Busman, F. P. Chavez, J. Cordaro, et al., “Mortality of Sea Lions Along the Central California Coast Linked to a Toxic Diatom Bloom,” Nature 403 (2000): 80–84.
45
P. F. Cook, C. Reichmuth, A. A. Rouse, L. A. Libby, S. E. Dennison, O. T. Carmichael, K. T. Kruse-Elliott, et al., “Algal Toxin Impairs Sea Lion Memory and Hippocampal Connectivity, with Implications for Strandings,” Science 350 (2015): 1545–1547.
46
“What Is Epilepsy?” Epilepsy Foundation, n.d., www.epilepsy.com/learn/epilepsy-101/what-epilepsy, retrieved March 16, 2016.
47
M. Costandi, “Diagnosing Dostoyevsky’s Epilepsy,” 2007, https://neurophilosophy.wordpress.com/2007/04/16/diagnosing-dostoyevskys-epilepsy, retrieved March 16, 2016.
48
Достоевский Ф. М., Идиот.
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L. Bonilha, T. Nesland, G. U. Martz, J. E. Joseph, M. V. Spampinato, J. C. Edwards, and A. Tabesh, “Medial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Is Associated with Neuronal Fibre Loss and Paradoxical Increase in Structural Connectivity of Limbic Structures,” Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 83, no. 9 (2012); V. Dinkelacker, R. Valabregue, L. Thivard, S. Lehéricy, M. Baulac, S. Samson, and S. Dupont, “Hippocampal‐Thalamic Wiring in Medial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: Enhanced Connectivity Per Hippocampal Voxel,” Epilepsia 56 (2015): 1217–1226.
50
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51
R. J. Schusterman and K. Krieger, “California Sea Lions Are Capable of Semantic Representation,” Psychological Record 34 (1984): 3–23.
52
R. J. Schusterman, C. R. Kastak, and D. Kastak, “The Cognitive Sea Lion: Meaning and Memory in the Laboratory and in Nature,” in The Cognitive Animal: Empirical and Theoretical Perspectives on Animal Cognition, edited by M. Bekoff, C. Allen, and G. M. Burghardt, 217–228 (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2002).
53
Кроме этого, у языка имеются и другие особенности и составляющие: грамматика, синтаксис, рекурсия и так далее.
54
P. Kivy, “Charles Darwin on Music,” Journal of the American Musicological Society 12 (1959): 42–48.
55
C. Darwin, The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex (London: John Murray, 1871). (Дарвин Ч. Происхождение человека и половой отбор).
56
A. D. Patel, “Musical Rhythm, Linguistic Rhythm, and Human Evolution,” Music Perception: An Interdisciplinary Journal 24 (2006): 99–104.
57
P. Cook, A. Rouse, M. Wilson, and C. Reichmuth, “A California Sea Lion (Zalophus Californianus) Can Keep the Beat: Motor Entrainment to Rhythmic Auditory Stimuli in a Non Vocal Mimic,” Journal of Comparative Psychology 127 (2013): 412.
58
См. “Sea Lion Dances to ‘Boogie Wonderland,’” YouTube, posted April 2, 2013, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KUfRSm8NTZg; “Beat Keeping in a California Sea Lion,” You-Tube, posted March 31, 2013, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6yS6qU_w3JQ.
59
M. Dhamala, G. Pagnoni, K. Wiesenfeld, C. F. Zink, M. Martin, and G. S. Berns, “Neural Correlates of the Complexity of Rhythmic Finger Tapping,” NeuroImage 20 (2003): 918–926.
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S. H. Fatemi, K. A. Aldinger, P. Ashwood, M. L. Bauman, C. D. Blaha, G. J. Blatt, A. Chauhan, et al., “Consensus Paper: Pathological Role of the Cerebellum in Autism,” The Cerebellum 11 (2012): 777–807.
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A. A. Rouse, P. F. Cook, E. W. Large, and C. Reichmuth, “Beat Keeping in a Sea Lion as Coupled Oscillation: Implications for Comparative Understanding of Human Rhythm,” Frontiers in Neuroscience 10, no. 257 (2016).
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L. Marino, T. L. Murphy, A. L. DeWeerd, J. A. Morris, S. H. Ridgway, A. J. Fobbs, N. Humblot, and J. I. Johnson, “Anatomy and Three-Dimensional Reconstructions of the Brain of a White Whale (Delphinapterus Leucas) from Magnetic Resonance Images,” Anatomical Record 262 (2001): 429–439; L. Marino, K. D. Sudheimer, D. A. Pabst, W. A. McLellan, D. Filsoof, and J. I. Johnson, “Neuroanatomy of the Common Dolphin (Delphinus Delphis) as Revealed by Magnetic Resonance Imaging,” Anatomical Record 268 (2002): 411–429.
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D. Reiss and L. Marino, “Mirror Self-Recognition in the Bottlenose Dolphin: A Case of Cognitive Convergence,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98 (2001): 5937–5942.
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M. Kossl, J. C. Hechavarria, C. Voss, S. Macias, E. C. Mora, and M. Vater, “Neural Maps for Target Range in the Auditory Cortex of Echolating Bats,” Current Opinion in Neurobiology 24 (2014): 68–75.
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Впоследствии Вулу пришлось озаглавить эту работу в более прозаическом ключе: see E. Vul, C. Harris, P. Winkielman, and H. Pashler, “Puzzlingly High Correlations in fMRI Studies of Emotion, Personality, and Social Cognition,” Perspectives on Psychological Science 4 (2009): 274–290.
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G. S. Berns, J. C. Chappelow, M. Cekic, C. F. Zink, G. Pagnoni, and M. E. Martin-Skurski, “Neurobiological Substrates of Dread,” Science 312 (2006): 754–758.
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Велкро (Velcro) – текстильная застежка-липучка. – Прим. пер.
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R. J. Herrnstein, “Relative and Absolute Strength of Response as a Function of Frequency of Reinforcement,” Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 4 (1961): 267–272.
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Еще раньше парадокс описан у Аристотеля в трактате «О Небе».
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A. G. Huth, W. A. de Heer, T. L. Griffiths, F. E. Theunissen, and J. L. Gallant, “Natural Speech Reveals the Semantic Maps That Tile Human Cerebral Cortex,” Nature 532 (2016): 453–458.
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110
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Там же.
117
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118
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Там же, 16.
120
Там же, 138.
121
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