Примечания книги Мозгоускорители. Как научиться эффективно мыслить, используя приемы из разных наук. Автор книги Ричард Нейсбит

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Здесь и далее автор говорит о так называемом критерии Поппера. Согласно доктрине фальсификационизма (принципиальной или потенциальной опровержимости) австрийского и британского философа Карла Поппера (1902-1994), критерием научности теории является то, что она не может быть принципиально неопровержимой, поскольку следует иметь в виду, что она может быть опровергнута результатами еще не поставленного эксперимента. — Прим. ред.

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Там же.

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Нисбетт Р. География мысли. — М.: Астрель, 2011

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Объяснение, которое я (и авторы) предпочитаю давать выбору постера, джема или квартиры, поставлено под сомнение. Я на стороне авторов, но указанные ниже источники расскажут вам о некоторых фактах как за, так и против возможности того, что бессознательное обдумывание вариантов может привести к самому выбору: Aczel et al., “Unconscious Intuition or Conscious Analysis: Critical Questions for the Deliberation-Without-Attention Paradigm”; Calvillo and Penaloza, “Are Complex Decisions Better Left to the Unconscious?”; Dijksterhuis, “Think Different: The Merits of Unconscious Thought in Preference Development and Decision Making”; Dijksterhuis and Nordgren, “A Theory of Unconscious Thought”; A. Dijksterhuis et al., “On Making the Right Choice: The Deliberation- Without-Attention Effect”; Gonzalo et ah, ‘“Save Angels Perhaps’: A Critical Examination of Unconscious Thought Theory and the Deliberation-Without-Attention Effect”; Strick et al., “A Meta-Analysis on Unconscious Thought Effects.”

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В 1977 г. появились сообщения, что при ударе в заднюю часть кузова Pinto топливный бак может быть пробит, что приведет к возгоранию. Позже эта информация была опровергнута. — Прим. пер.

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Там же.

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Cialdini, Robert В. Influence: How and Why People Agree to Things. New York: Quill, 1984.

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См., например, McDade et al., “Early Origins of Inflammation: Microbial Exposures in Infancy Predict Lower Levels of С-Reactive Protein in Adulthood.”

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133

Там же.

134

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Kuo, Frances E., and William C. Sullivan. “Aggression and Violence in the Inner City: Effects of Environment via Mental Fatigue.” Environment and Behavior 33 (2001): 543-71.

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Нисбетт Р. Что такое интеллект и как его развивать. Роль образования и традиций. — М.: Альпина нон-фикшн, 2015.

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Последний выпуск 9 сезона программы «Напуганы, точно!» был показан на канале А&Е 3 сентября 2015 г. — Прим. пер.

144

Wilson, Timothy D. Redirect: The Surprising New Science of Psychological Change. New York: Little, Brown, 2011.

145

Там же.

146

Prentice, Deborah A., and Dale T. Miller. “Pluralistic Ignorance and Alcohol Use on Campus: Some Consequences of Misperceiving the Social Norm.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 64 (1993): 243-56.

147

Термин «регрессия» может слегка сбить с толку, поскольку кажется, что выражение «регрессия к среднему значению» — это совсем не то, что исследование соотношения между набором независимых переменных и зависимой переменной. Одно и то же слово используется для таких разных целей потому, что Карл Пирсон, изобретатель корреляционного метода, названного его именем, впервые использовал его для изучения корреляции внутри популяции связанных между собой индивидов. Корреляция роста отцов и детей всегда показывает регрессию к среднему значению. У необычайно высоких отцов сыновья, как правило, ниже их, у отцов очень маленького роста сыновья обычно повыше. Корреляция здесь — это простой анализ регрессии, связывающей одну переменную с другой. Множественная регрессия изучает связь каждой отдельной переменной из целого набора с каждой другой переменной из другого набора.

148

Cheney, Gretchen. “National Center on Education and the Economy: New Commission on the Skills of the American Workforce.” National Center on Education and the Economy, 2006.

149

Heraty, Noreen, Michael J. Morley, and Alma McCarthy. “Vocational Education and Training in the Republic of Ireland: Institutional Reform and Policy Developments Since the 1960s.” Journal of Vocational Education and Training 52 (2000): 177-99.

150

Hanushek, Eric A. “The Economics of Schooling: Production and Efficiency in Public Schools.” Journal of Economic Literature 24 (1986): 1141-77.

151

Krueger, Alan B. “Experimental Estimates of Education Production Functions.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 114 (1999): 497-532.

152

Shin, In-Soo, and Jae Young Chung. “Class Size and Student Achievement in the United States: A Meta-Analysis.” Korean Educational Institute Journal of Educational Policy 6 (2009): 3-19.

153

Samieri, C, C. Feart, C. Proust-Lima, E. Peuchant, C. Tzourio, C. Stapf, C. Berr, and P. Barberger- Gateau. “Olive Oil Consumption, Plasma Oleic Acid, and Stroke Incidence.” Neurology 77 (2011): 418-25.

154

Fong, Calvin S., P. Mitchell, E. Rochtchina, E. T. Teber, T. Hong, and J. J. Wang. “Correction of Visual Impairment by Cataract Surgery and Improved Survival in Older Persons.” Ophthalmology 120 (2013): 1720-27.

155

Samieri, C., C. Feart, C. Proust-Lima, E. Peuchant, C. Tzourio, C. Stapf, C. Berr, and P. Barberger-Gateau. “Olive Oil Consumption, Plasma Oleic Acid, and Stroke Incidence.” Neurology 77 (2011): 418-25.

156

Humphrey, Linda L., and Benjamin K. S. Chan. “Postmenopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy and the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease.” Annals of Internal Medicine 137 (2002). Published electronically August 20, 2002.

157

Klein, Е. A. “Vitamin Е and the Risk of Prostate Cancer: The Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial.” Journal of the American Medical Association 306 (2011). Published electronically October 12, 2011.

158

Offit, Paul A. Do You Believe in Magic? The Sense and Nonsense of Alternative Medicine. New York: Harper-Collins, 2013.

159

Там же.

160

Lowry, Annie. “Caught in a Revolving Door of Unemployment.” The New York Times, November 16, 2013.

161

Kahn, Robert. “Our Long-Term Unemployment Challenge (in Charts).” 2013. http://blogs.cff.org/kahn/2013/04/17/our-long-term-unemployment-challenge-in-charts/.

162

Bertrand, Marianne, and Sendhil Mullainathan. “Are Emily and Greg More Employable Than Lakisha and Jamal? A Field Experiment on Labor Market Discrimination.” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 9873, 2003.

163

Fryer, Roland G., and Steven D. Levitt. “The Causes and Consequences of Distinctively Black Names.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 119 (2004): 767-805.

164

Там же.

165

Fryer, Roland G., and Steven D. Levitt. “The Causes and Consequences of Distinctively Black Names.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 119 (2004): 767-805.

166

Там же.

167

Milkman, Katherine L., Modupe Akinola, and Dolly Chugh. “Temporal Distance and Discrimination: An Audit Study in Academia.” Psychological Science (2012): 710-17.

168

Левитт С., Дабнер С. Фрикономика. — M.: Манн, Иванов и Фербер, 2011.

169

Там же.

170

Левитт С., Дабнер С. Фрикономика. — M.: Манн, Иванов и Фербер, 2011.

171

Вопрос влияния семьи на интеллектуальные способности детей рассматривается в моих книгах (Нисбетт Р. Что такое интеллект и как его развивать. Роль образования и традиций. — М.: Альпина нон-фикшн, 2015).

172

Munk, Nina. The Idealist. New York: Doubleday, 2013.

173

Там же.

174

Mullainathan, Sendhil, and Eldar Shafir. Scarcity: Why Having Too Little Means So Much. New York: Times Books, 2013.

175

Chetty, Rag, John Friedman, and Jonah Rockoff. “Measuring the Impacts of Teachers II: Teacher Value-Added and Student Outcomes in Adulthood.” American Economic Review 104 (2014): 2633-79.

176

Fryer, Roland G. “Financial Incentives and Student Achievement: Evidence from Randomized Trials.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 126.

177

Fryer, Roland G., Steven D. Levitt, John List, and Sally Sadoff. “Enhancing the Efficacy of Teacher Incentives Through Loss Aversion: A Field Experiment.” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 18237, 2012.

178

Kalev, Alexandra, Frank Dobbin, and Erin Kelley. “Best Practices or Best Guesses? Assessing the Efficacy of Corporate Affirmative Action and Diversity Policies.” American Sociological Review 71 (2006): 589-617.

179

Ayres, Ian. “Fair Driving: Gender and Race Discrimination in Retail Car Negotiations.” Harvard Review 104 (1991): 817-72.

180

Zebrowitz, Leslie. Reading Faces: Win dow to the Soul? Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1997.

181

Strack, Fritz, Leonard L. Martin, and Sabine Stepper. “Inhibiting and Facilitating Conditions of the Human Smile: A Nonobtrusive Test of the Facial Feedback Hypothesis.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 53 (1988): 768-77.

182

Caspi, Avshalom, and Glen H. Elder. “Life Satisfaction in Old Age: Linking Social Psychology and History.” Psychology and Aging 1 (1986): 18-26.

183

Schwarz, Norbert, and Gerald L. Clore. “Mood, Misattribution, and Judgments of Well-Being: Informative and Directive Functions of Affective States.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 45 (1983): 513-23.

184

Schwarz, Norbert, Fritz Strack, and Hans-Peter Mai. “Assimilation-Contrast Effects in Part-Whole Question Sequences: A Conversational Logic Analysis.” Public Opinion Quarterly 55 (1991): 3-23.

185

Asch, S.Е. “Studies in the Principles of Judgments and Attitudes: II. Determination of Judgments by Group and by Ego Standards.” Journal of Social Psychology 12 (1940): 584-88.

186

Ellsworth, Phoebe С., and Lee Ross. “Public Opinion and Capital Punishment: A Close Examination of the Views of Abolitionists and Retentionists.” Crime and Delinquency 29 (1983): 116-69.

187

Saad, Lydia. “U.S. Abortion Attitudes Closely Divided.” Gallup Poll (2009). http://www.gallup.com/poll/122033/u.s.-abortion-attitudes-closely-divided.aspx.

188

Там же.

189

Weiss, J., and P. Brown. “Self-Insight Error in the Explanation of Mood.” Unpublished manuscript, 1977.

190

Peng, Kaiping, Richard E. Nisbett, and Nancy Y.C. Wong. “Validity Problems Comparing Values Across Cultures and Possi ble Solutions.” Psychological Methods 2 (1997): 329-14.

191

Schmitt, David P., J. Allik, R.R. McCrae, and V. Benet-Martinez. “The Geographic Distribution of Big Five Personality Traits: Patterns and Profiles of Human Self-Description.” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 38 (2007): 173-212.

192

Heine, Steven J., Darrin R. Lehman, K. Peng, and J. Greenholtz. “What’s Wrong with Cross-Cultural Comparisons of Subjective Likert Scales?: The Reference Group Effect.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 82 (2002): 903-18.

193

College Board. “Student Descriptive Questionnaire.” Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service, 1976-77.

194

Heine, Steven J., and Darrin R. Lehman. “The Cultural Construction of Self-Enhancement: An Examination of Group- Serving Biases.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 72 (1997): 1268-83.

195

Heine, Steven J. Cultural Psychology. New York: W. W. Norton, 2008.

196

Straub, Kath. “Mind the Gap: On the Appropriate Use of Focus Groups and Usability Testing in Planning and Evaluating Interfaces.” In Human Factors International: Free Resources Newsletter, September 2004.

197

Morris, Michael W., and Richard E. Nisbett. “Tools of the Trade: Deductive Reasoning Schemas Taught in Psychology and Philosophy.” In Rules for Reasoning”, edited by Richard E. Nisbett. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1993.

198

Cheng, Р.W., and К.J. Holyoak. “Pragmatic Reasoning Schemas.” Cognitive Psychology 17 (1985): 391-416.

199

Там же.

200

Lehman, Darrin R., and Richard E. Nisbett. “A Longitudinal Study of the Effects of Undergraduate Education on Reasoning.” Developmental Psychology 26 (1990): 952-60.

201

Lehman, Darrin R., and Richard E. Nisbett. “A Longitudinal Study of the Effects of Undergraduate Education on Reasoning.” Developmental Psychology 26 (1990): 952-60.

202

Graham, Angus С. Later Mohist Logic, Ethics, and Science. Hong Kong: Chinese U, 1978.

203

Там же.

204

Chan, W. T. “The Story of Chinese Philosophy.” In The Chinese Mind: Essentials of Chinese Philosophy and Culture, ed. by C.A. Moore. Honolulu: East-West Center Press, 1967.

205

Peng, Kaiping. “Naive Dialecticism and Its Effects on Reasoning and Judgment About Contradiction.” PhD dissertation, University of Michigan, 1997.

206

Ji, Li-Jun, Yanjie Su, and Richard E. Nisbett. “Culture, Change and Prediction.” Psychological Science 12 (2001): 450-56.

207

Ji, Li-Jun, Zhiyong Zhang, and Tieyuan Guo. “To Buy or to Sell: Cultural Differences in Stock Market Decisions Based on Stock Price Trends.” Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 21 (2008): 399-413.

208

Peng, Kaiping, and Richard E. Nisbett. “Culture, Dialectics, and Reasoning About Contradiction.” American Psychologist 54 (1999): 741-54.

209

Norenzayan, A., E. E. Smith, B. J. Kim, and R. E. Nisbett. “Cultural Preferences for Formal Versus Intuitive Reasoning.” Cognitive Science 26 (2002): 653-84.

210

Norenzayan, Ara, and B. J. Kim. “A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Regulatory Focus and Its Effect on the Logical Consistency of Beliefs.” Unpublished manuscript, 2002.

211

Watanabe, М. “Styles of Reasoning in Japan and the United States: Logic of Education in Two Cultures.” Paper presented at the American Sociological Association, San Francisco, CA, 1998.

212

Logan, Robert K. The Alphabet Effect. New York: Morrow, 1986.

213

Flynn, James R. Asian Americans: Achievement Beyond IQ. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1991.

214

Там же.

215

Dweck, Carol S. Mindset: The New Psychology of Success. New York: Random House, 2010.

216

Aronson, Joshua, Carrie B. Fried, and Catherine Good. “Reducing Stereotype Threat and Boosting Academic Achievement of African- American Students: The Role of Conceptions of Intelligence.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 38 (2002): 113-25.

217

Basseches, Michael. “Dialectical Schemata: A Framework for the Empirical Study of the Development of Dialectical Thinking.” Human Development 23 (1980): 400-21. Basseches, Michael. Dialectical Thinking and Adult Development. Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1984.

218

Grossmann, Igor, Mayumi Karasawa, Satoko Izumi, Jinkyung Na, Michael E. W. Varnum, Shinobu Kitayama, and Richard E. Nisbett. “Reasoning About Social Conflicts Improves into Old Ag e." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107 (2010): 7246-50.

219

Grossmann, Igor, Mayumi Karasawa, Satoko Izumi, Jinkyung Na, Michael E. W. Varnum, Shinobu Kitayama, and Richard E. Nisbett. “Aging and Wisdom: Culture Matters.” Psychological Science 23 (2012): 1059-66.

220

Grossmann, Igor, Mayumi Karasawa, Satoko Izumi, Jinkyung Na, Michael E. W. Varnum, Shinobu Kitayama, and Richard E. Nisbett. “Reasoning About Social Conflicts Improves into Old Age.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107 (2010): 7246-50.

221

Stich, Stephen, ed. Collected Papers: Knowledge, Rationality, and Morality, 1978-2010. New York: Oxford, 2012.

222

В оригинале — KISS от Keep it simple, stupid («Не усложняй, идиот»), популярное правило, авторство которого приписывается инженеру-авиастроителю Келли Джонсону. Согласно правилу KISS, система работает тем лучше, чем она проще, поэтому основной принцип проектирования — избегать ненужной сложности. — Прим. ред.

223

Nisbett “Hunger, Obesity and the Ventromedial Hypothalamus.” Psychological Review 79 (1972): 433-53

224

Herman, C. Peter, and Deborah Mack. “Restrained and Unrestrained Eating.” Journal of Personality 43 (1975): 647-60.

225

Akil, Huda, et al. “The Future of Psychiatric Research: Genomes and Neural Circuits.” Science 327 (2010): 1580-81.

226

Nock, Matthew K., J. M. Park, C.T. Finn, T. L. Deliberto, H. J. Dour, and M.R. Banaji. “Measuring the Suicidal Mind: Implicit Cognition Predicts Suicidal Behavior.” Psychological Science (2010). Published electronically March 9, 2010. http://pss.sagepub.com/content/21/4/511.

227

Kraus, Michael W., and Serena Chen. “Striving to Be Known by Significant Others: Automatic Activation of Self-Verification Goals in Relationship Contexts.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 97 (2009): 58-73.

228

Hudson, Nathan W., and Dov Cohen. “Taboo Desires, Creativity, and Career Choice.” Unpublished manuscript, 2014.

229

Samuel, Lawrence R. Shrink: A Cultural History of Psychoanalysis in America. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2013.

230

Lakatos, Imre. The Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes. Vol. 1, Philosophical Papers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978.

231

Автор книги использует термин «арациональный», который здесь можно определить, как характеризующий поведение «в условиях, когда нельзя дать никакой точной количественной оценки и все-таки приходится принимать решение» (Minsky Н. Р. John Maynard Keynes. New York, Columbia University Press, 1975, p. 65). — Прим. ред.

232

Holyoak, Keith J., Kyunghee Koh, and Richard E. Nisbett. “A Theory of Conditioning: Inductive Learning Within Rule- Based Default Hierarchies.” Psychological Review 96 (1989): 315—40.

233

Seligman, Martin E. P. “On the Generality of the Laws of Learning.” Psychological Review 77 (1970): 127-90.

234

Flynn, James R. How to Improve Your Mind: Twenty Keys to Unlock the Modern World. London: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.

235

Brockman, John. What We Believe but Cannot Prove. New York: HarperCollins, 2006.

236

Parker-Pope, Tara, "The Decisive Marriage." The Well Column, The New York Times, August 25, 2014.

237

Нисбетт Р. Что такое интеллект и как его развивать. Роль образования и традиций. — М.: Альпина нон-фикшн, 2015.