Онлайн книга
Примечания книги
1
Пер. с лат. Т. Ю. Бородай. – Прим. пер.
2
Ridker, P. M. et al. ‘C-Reactive Protein Adds to the Predictive Value of Total and HDL Cholesterol in Determining Risk of First Myocardial Infarction.’ Circulation (1998): 97: 20: 2007–2011.
3
Hooper, L. et al. ‘Reduced or Modified Dietary Fat for Preventing Cardiovascular Disease.’ The Cochrane Library (2012).
4
Lustig, R. Fat Chance: The Hidden Truth About Sugar, Penguin (2014).
5
US Department of Health and Human Services and US Department of Agriculture. ‘2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans.’ 8th Ed. (December 2015). Полный текст опубликован онлайн: http://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/guidelines/.
6
Ibid.
7
Olshansky, S. J. et al. ‘A Potential Decline in Life Expectancy in the United States in the 21st Century.’ N Engl J Med (2005): 352: 1138.
8
Gardner, M. ‘The Doctor’s Choice is America’s Choice.’ Am J Public Health (2006): 96: 222–232.
9
См., например: ‘The NHS in Numbers: Then and Now.’ BBC (2008). http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7475035.stm.
10
См., например: ‘Former Advertising Executive Reveals Junk Food-pushing Tactics’ by Sarah Boseley, The Guardian (2 January 2018).
11
Brown-Borg, H. M. ‘Hormonal Regulation of Longevity in Mammals.’ Ageing Res Rev (2007): 6: 28–45.
12
Li, J. et al. ‘Intravenous Magnesium for Acute Myocardial Infarction.’ Cochrane (2007). http://www.cochrane.org/CD002755/VASC_intravenous-magnesium-for-acute-myocardial-infarction/.
13
Daoud, J. et al. ‘Pancreatic Islet Culture and Preservation Strategies: Advances, Challenges and Future Outlooks.’ Cell Transplant (2010): 19 (12): 1523–1535.
14
Cave, S. Immortality: The Quest to Live Forever and How It Drives Civilization. Crown (2012).
15
The Global Religious Landscape. Pew Research Center. 2012: http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-exec/.
16
Перевод В. Маркова (Джебран Х. Странник. Притчи и речения. М.: Сфера, 2002). – Прим. пер.
17
Перевод Т. Ю. Бородай (Луций Анней Сенека. Философские трактаты. СПб.: Алетейя, 2001). – Прим. пер.
18
‘We will be able to live to 1,000.’ BBC News (2004). URL: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk/4003063.stm.
19
Bekaert, S. et al. ‘Telomere biology in mammalian germ cells and during development.’ Develop Biol (2004): 274: 15–30.
20
Campisi, J. ‘Aging, cellular senescence and cancer.’ Annu Rev Physiol (2013): 75: 685–705. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4166529/
21
Ozturk, S. ‘Telomerase activity and telomere length in male germ cells.’ Biol Reprod (2015): 92: 53.
22
Latorre, E. et al. ‘Small molecule modulation of splicing factor expression is associated with rescue from cellular senescence.’ BMC Cell Biol (2017): 18: 31. URL: https://bmccellbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12860-017-0147-7
23
Базальная температура тела – самая низкая температура, достигаемая телом во время отдыха (обычно во время сна). – Прим. науч. ред.
24
Arias, E. et al. ‘United States life tables eliminating certain causes of death 1999–2001.’ National Vital Statistics Reports (2013): 61: 9. URL: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr61/nvsr61_09.pdf.
25
Ibid.
26
Herskind, A. M. et al. ‘The heritability of human longevity: a population-based study of 2872 Danish twins born 1870–1900.’ Human Genetics (1996): 97: 319–323.
27
Baker, D. J. et al. ‘Naturally occurring p16ink4a positive cells shorten healthy lifespan.’ Nature (2016): 530–184–89. URL: https://www.nature.com/articles/nature16932.
28
‘A billion shades of grey’. The Economist (26 April 2014).
29
Masternak, M. M. et al. ‘Growth hormone, inflammation and aging.’ Pathobiol Aging Age Relat Dis(2012): 2: 10. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3417471/.
30
Carmona-Gutierrez, C. et al. ‘The crucial impact of lysosomes in aging and longevity.’ Ageing Res Rev (2016): 32: 2–12.
31
Bartke, J. ‘Growth hormone and aging: A challenging controversy.’ Clin Interv Aging (2008): 3: 659–665.
32
Zhang, X. et al. ‘Fasting insulin, insulin resistance and risk of cardiovascular or all-cause mortality in non-diabetic adults: A meta-analysis.’ Biosci Rep (2017): 37. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28811358.
33
Ravaglia, G. et al. ‘Determinants of Functional Status in Healthy Italian Nonagenarians and Centenarians: A Comprehensive Functional Assessment by the Instruments of Geriatric Practice.’ J Am Geriatr Soc (1997): 45: 10: 1196–1202.
34
Sarrel, P. M. et al. ‘The mortality toll of oestrogen avoidance: An analysis of excessive deaths among hysterectomized women aged 50 to 59 years.’ Am J Public Health (2013): 103: 1583–1588.
35
Hanke, H. et al. ‘Effect of testosterone on plaque development and androgen receptor expression in the arterial vessel wall.’ Circulation (2001): 103: 1382–1385.
36
Fukai, T. et al. ‘Superoxide dismutases: Role in redox signaling, vascular functioning and diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal (2011): 15: 1583–1606.
37
Morgan, M. J. et al. ‘Crosstalk of reactive oxygen species and NFkB signaling.’ Cell Res (2011): 21: 103–115.
38
Reiter, R. J. et al. ‘Melatonin as an anti-oxidant: Under-promises but over-delivers.’ J Pineal Res (2016): 61: 253–278.
39
Dreher, F. ‘Topical antioxidants protect against UVA & UVB sun damage.’ Curr Probl Dermatol (2001): 29: 157–164.
40
Stadtman, E. R. ‘Review: Protein oxidation and aging.’ Science (1992): 257: 1220–1224.
41
Van Raamsdonk, J. et al. ‘Deletion of the mitochondrial Superoxide dismutase SOD-2 extends life in Caenorhabditis Elegans.’ PLoS Genetics (2009). URL: http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1000361
42
Sun, J. et al. ‘Sequential Upregulation of Superoxide Dismutase 2 and Heme Oxygenase 1 by tert-Butylhydroquinone Protects Mitochondria during Oxidative Stress.’ Mol Pharmacol (2015): 88 (3): 437–449.
43
Davies, K. J. et al. ‘Free radicals and tissue damage produced by exercise.’ Biochem Biophys Res Commun (1982): 107: 1198–1205.
44
Hitomi, Y. et al. ‘Acute exercise increases expression of extracellular superoxide dismutase in skeletal muscle and the aorta.’ Redox Rep (2008): 13 (5): 213–216.
45
Morgan, M. J. et al. ‘Crosstalk of reactive oxygen species and NFκB signalling.’ Cell Res (2011): 21: 103–315.
46
Harman, D. ‘Free radical theory of aging: dietary implications.’ Am J Clin Nutr (1972): 839–843.
47
Andziak, B. et al. ‘Antioxidants do not explain the disparate longevity between mice and the longest living rodent, the naked mole-rat.’ Mech Ageing Dev (2005): 126: 1206–1212.
48
Ozawa, T. ‘Mitochondrial DNA Mutations and Age.’ in Towards Prolongation of the Healthy Lifespan: Practical Approaches to Intervention. Eds D. Harman, R. Holliday. New York Academy of Sciences (1998).
49
Stadtman, E. R. ‘Protein oxidation and aging.’ Science 257 (1991): 1220–1224.
50
Zuo, Y. et al. ‘Black rice extract extends the lifespan of fruit flies.’ Food Funct (2012). http://pubs.rsc.org/-/content/articlelanding/2012/fo/c2fo30135k/unauth#!divAbstract.
51
Dreher, F. ‘Topical antioxidants protect against UVA & UVB sun damage’. Curr Probl Dermatol (2001): 29: 157–164.
52
Andziak, B. et al. ‘Antioxidants do not explain the disparate longevity between mice and the longest living rodent, the naked mole-rat’. Mech Ageing Dev(2005): 126: 1206–1212.
53
Guallar, E. et al. ‘An editorial update: Annus horribilis for vitamin E.’ Ann Intern Med (2005): 143: 143–145.
54
Melov, S. et al. ‘Extension of life-span with superoxide dismutase/catalase mimetics.’ Science (2000): 289: 1567–1569.
55
Bayne, A. C. et al. ‘Effects of superoxide dismutase/catalase on lifespan and oxidative stress resistance in the housefly, Musca domestica.’ Free Radic Biol Med (2002): 32: 1229–1234.
56
Rose, M. R. The Long Tomorrow: How Advances in Evolutionary Biology Can Help Us Postpone Aging. Oxford University Press, USA (2005).
57
Kenyon, C. et al. ‘A C elegans mutant that lives twice as long as wild type.’ Nature 366: 1993: 404–405.
58
Martins, R. et al. ‘Long live FOXO: unravelling the role of FOXO proteins in aging and longevity.’ Aging Cell (2016): 15: 196–207.
59
Sinclair, D. A. et al. ‘Small molecule activators of sirtuins extend Saccharomyces cere-visiae lifespan.’ Nature (2003): 425: 191–196.
60
Sinclair, D. et al. ‘Sirtuin activators mimic caloric restriction and delay ageing in meta-zoans.’ Nature (2004): 430: 686–689.
61
Khushwant, S. ‘Lifespan and healthspan extension by resveratrol.’ BBA Mol Basis Dis (2015): 1852: 1209–1218.
62
Semba, R. D. et al. ‘Resveratrol levels and all-cause mortality in older community-dwelling adults.’ JAMA (2014): 174: 1077–1084.
63
Nedergaard, M. et al. ‘Beneficial effects of low alcohol exposure, but adverse effects of high alcohol intake on glymphatic function.’ Nature Res (2018): 8: 2246. URL: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598–018–20424y.
64
Park, D. et al. ‘Resveratrol induces autophagy by directly inhibiting mTOR through ATP competition.’ Nature (2016): 6: 21772. URL: https://www.nature.com/articles/srep21772.
65
‘Cynthia Kenyon: “The idea that ageing was subject to control was completely unex-pected.” ’ The Guardian (2013).
66
Ehninger, D. et al. ‘Longevity, aging and rapamycin.’ Cell Mol Life Sci (2014): 71: 4325–4346.
67
Hammel, H. T. et al. ‘Thermal and metabolic responses of the Kalahari bushmen to moderate cold at night.’ Researchgate (1963). URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235016637_Thermal_and_metabolic_responses_of_the_Kalahari_bushmen_to_moderate_cold_exposure_at_night.
68
Keil, G. et al. ‘Being cool. How body temperature influences ageing and longevity.’ Biogerontology (2015): 16: 383–397.
69
Simonsick, E. M. et al. ‘Basal body temperature as a biomarker of healthy aging.’ Age (2016): 38: 445–454.
70
Mooventhan, A. et al. ‘Scientific evidence-based effects of hydrotherapy on various systems of the body.’ N Am Med J Sci (2014): 6: 199–209.
71
Peake, J. M. et al. ‘The effects of cold water emersion and active recovery on inflammation and cell stress responses in human skeletal muscle after resistance exercise’. J Physiol (2017): 595: 695–711.
72
Semenza, J. C. et al. ‘Heat-related deaths during the July 1995 heat wave in Chicago.’ N Engl J Med (1996): 335: 84–90.
73
McCay, C. M. et al. ‘The effect of retarded growth upon the length of life span and upon the ultimate body size’ (1935). Nutrition (1989): 5: 155–171.
74
Lee, C. et al. ‘Dietary restriction with and without calorie restriction for healthy aging.’ MC (2016): 5. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC 4755412/.
75
Speakman, J. R. et al. ‘Starving for life: What animal studies can and cannot tell us about the use of Caloric Restriction to prolong human Lifespan.’ J Nutr 137: (2007): 1078–1086.
76
Gredilla, R. et al. ‘Caloric restriction decreases mitochondrial free radical generation at complex 1 and lowers oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA in the rat heart.’ FASEB Journal (2001). URL: http://www.fasebj.org/doi/10.1096/fj.00–0764fje.
77
Lin, S. J. et al. ‘Calorie restriction extends Saccharomyces by cerevisiae lifespan by increasing respiration.’ Nature (2002): 418: 344–348.
78
Greer, E. L. et al. ‘Dif erent dietary restriction regimens extend lifespan by both independent and overlapping genetic pathways in C. elegans.’ Aging Cell (2009): 8: 113–127.
79
Soare, A. et al. ‘Long-term calorie restriction, but not endurance exercise lowers core body temperature in humans.’ Aging (2011): 374–379.
80
Larson-Meyer, D. E. et al. ‘Effect of calorie restriction with or without exercise on insulin sensitivity, B-cell function, fat cell size and ectopic lipid in overweight subjects.’ Diabetes Care (2006): 29: 1337–1344.
81
Longo, V. D. et al. ‘Evolutionary medicine: from dwarf model systems to healthy centenarians?’ Science (2003): 299: 1343–1346.
82
Guarente, L. and Kenyon, C. ‘Genetic pathways that regulate ageing in model organisms.’ Nature (2000): 408: 255–262.
83
Roberts, M. N. et al. ‘A ketogenic diet extends longevity and healthspan in adult mice.’ Cell Metabolism (2017): 26: 539–546.
84
Johnston, B. C. et al. ‘Comparison of Weight Loss Among Named Diet Programs in Overweight and Obese Adults: A Meta-analysis.’ JAMA (2014): 312: 923–933.
85
Chan, Y. C. et al. ‘Calorie restriction in the Okinawa people of Japan.’ J Cell Nutr (1997).
86
Anson, R. M. et al. ‘Intermittent fasting dissociates beneficial effects of dietary restriction on glucose metabolism and neuronal resistance to injury from calorie intake.’ Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2003): 100: 6216–6220.
87
Периодическое голодание не рекомендуется людям, у которых диагностирован билиарный сладж или камни в желчном пузыре. Категорически нельзя голодать людям с инсулинозависимым диабетом и пациентам с инсулиннезависимым диабетом, принимающим лекарства для снижения сахара крови. – Прим. науч. ред.
88
Martin, B. et al. ‘Caloric restriction and intermittent fasting: two potential diets for successful brain aging.’ Ageing Res Rev (2006): 5: 332–353.
89
Keshel, T. E. et al. ‘Exercise training and insulin resistance: a current review.’ J Obes Weight Loss Ther (2015): 5: S 5–003.
90
Kohman, R. A. et al. ‘Voluntary wheel-running reverses age-induced changes in hippocampal gene expression.’ PLOS One (2011): 6: e22654.
91
Davis, R. A. H. et al. ‘High-intensity interval training and calorie restriction promote remodeling of glucose and lipid metabolism in diet-induced obesity.’ Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab (2017): 313: E 243–56.
92
Zamir, D. et al, open letter. ‘The tomato genome sequence provides insights into fl eshy fruit evolution.’ Nature (2012): 485: 635–641.
93
Kupferschmidt, K. ‘How tomatoes lost their taste.’ ScienceNOW (28 June 2012). URL: http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2012/06/how-tomatoes-lost-their-taste.html.
94
Ford, E. et al. ‘Healthy living is the best revenge. Findings from the European prospect-ive investigation into cancer and nutrition – the Potsdam study.’ Arch Intern Med (2009): 169: 1355–1362.
95
Ibid.
96
Goodman, S. ‘Commonalities amongst centenarians.’ The Centenarian (2015).
97
‘Jeanne Calment, World’s Elder, Dies at 122.’ The New York Times (5 August 1997).
98
Lumeng, C. et al. ‘Inflammatory Links Between Obesity and Metabolic Disease.’ J Clin Invest (2011): 121: 2111–2117.
99
Santos-Lozano, A. et al. ‘Implications of Obesity in Exceptional Longevity.’ Ann Transl Med (2016): 4: 416.
100
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. ‘Top 1 °Causes of Death in the United States from 1900–2010.’
101
‘Comprehensive Health Study in India Finds Rise of Non-communicable Diseases.’ IHME (2017). URL: http://www.healthdata.org/news-release/comprehensive-health-study-india-finds-rise-non-communicable-diseases.
102
Heron, M. ‘Deaths: Leading Causes for 2015.’ National Vital Statistics Reports (2017): 66 (5).
103
Bauer, U. E. et al. ‘Prevention of Chronic Disease in the 21st Century: Elimination of the Leading Preventable Causes of Premature Death and Disability in the USA.’ The Lancet (2014): 384: 45–52.
104
Mainous, G. et al. ‘Prevalence of Prediabetes in England from 2003 to 2011: Population-based, Cross-sectional Study.’ BMJ Open (2014): Vol. 4: Issue 6.
105
Endemann, D. H. et al. ‘Nitric Oxide, Oxidative Excess and Vascular Complications in Diabetes Mellitus.’ Curr Hypertens Rep (2004): Vol 6: 2: 85–89.
106
Liu, J. et al. ‘A Genetically Defined Model for Human Ovarian Cancer.’ Cancer Res (2004): 64: 1655–1663.
107
Heppner, F. L. et al. ‘Immune Attack: The Role of Inflammation in Alzheimer’s Disease.’ Nat Rev Neurosci (2015): 16: 358–372.
108
De Busk, L. M. ‘Tie2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinase, a Major Mediator of TNFa Induced Angiogenesis in Rheumatoid Arthritis.’ Arthritis Rheum (2003): 48: 9: 2461–2471.
109
Olen, O. et al. ‘Childhood Onset of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Risk of Cancer: A Swedish Nationwide Cohort Study 1964–2014.’ BMJ (2017): doi: 10:1136/bmj.j3951.
110
Vine, A. K. et al. ‘Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Disease as Risk Factors for Age-related Macular Degeneration.’ Opthalmology (2005): 112: 2076–2080.
111
Fuster, V. and Kelly, B. B. ‘Promoting Cardiovascular Health in the Developing World: A Critical Challenge to Achieve Global Health.’ URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20945571.
112
Anitschkow, N. N. and Chatalov, S. ‘Über experimentelle Cholesterinsteatose und ihre Bedeutung für die Entstehung einiger pathologischer Prozesse.’ Zentralbl Allg Pathol (1913): 24: 1–9.
113
Keys, A. ‘Coronary Heart Disease in Seven Countries.’ Circulation (1970): 41 (4S 1): 1–198.
114
‘The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial results. I. Reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease.’ JAMA (1984): 251: 351–364.
115
Endo, A. ‘A Historical Perspective on the Discovery of Statins.’ Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci (2010): 86: 484–493.
116
Strandberg, T. et al. ‘Cholesterol Lowering after Participation in the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study 4S.’ European Heart Journal (1997): 18: 11: 1725–1727.
117
См. например: https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/statistics/slides/maps_diabetesobesity_trends.pdf.
118
Yerushalmy, Y. and Hilleboe, H. E. ‘Fat in the Diet and Mortality from Heart Disease: A Methodologic Note.’ NY State J Med (1957): 57: 2343–2354.
119
Ridker, P. M. ‘C-Reactive Protein Adds to the Predictive Value of Total and HDL Cholesterol in Determining Risk of First Myocardial Infarction.’ Circulation (1998): 97: 20: 2007–2011.
120
Fonseca, F. A. H. et al. ’High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein and Cardiovascular Disease Across Countries and Ethnicities.’ Clinics (2016): 71: 235–242.
121
Tonkin, A. M. et al. ‘Effects of Pravastatin on 3,260 Patients with Unstable Angina: Results from the LIPID Study.’ The Lancet (2000).
122
De Rao, A. ‘To JUPITER and Beyond: Statins, Inflammation and Primary Prevention.’ Critical Care (2010) 14: 310.
123
Ibid.
124
Hippisley-Cox, J., Coupland, C. ‘Unintended Effects of Statins in Men and Women in England and Wales: Population-based Cohort Study Using the QResearch database.’ BMJ (2010): 340: c2197.
125
Pignone, M. et al. ‘Aspirin, Statins or Both Drugs for the Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Events in Men: A Cost-utility Analysis.’ Ann Intern Med(2006): Vol 144, 5: 326–336.
126
Tavazzi, L. ‘Rationale and Design of the GISSI Heart Failure Trial: A Large Trial to Assess the Effects of N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Rosuvastatin in Symptomatic Congestive Heart Failure.’ Eur J of Heart Fail (2004): 6: 635–641.
127
Harding, S. V. et al. ‘Evidence for Using Alpha-lipoic Acid in Reducing Lipoprotein and Inflammatory-related Atherosclerotic Risk.’ J Diet Suppl (2012): 9: 116–127.
128
Apostolov, E. O. ‘Carbamylated-oxidized LDL: Proatherosclerotic Effects on Endothelial Cells and Macrophages.’ J Atheroscler Thromb (2013): 20: 878–892.
129
Ogawa, K. et al. ‘Increase in the Oxidised Low-density Lipoprotein Level by Smoking, and the Possible Inhibitory Effect of Statin Therapy in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease: A Retrospective Study.’ BMJ Open (2016). URL:: http://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/5/1/e005455.
130
Jacobs, L. et al. ‘Traffic Air Pollution and Oxidised LDL.’ PLoS One (2011): 6. URL: ised LDL.’ PLoS One (2011): 6. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21283820.
131
Boushehri, S. N. et al. ‘Effect of Vitamin Supplementation on Serum-Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Levels in Male Subjects with Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors.’ Iran J Basic Med Sci (2012, July – August): 15 (4): 958–964.
132
Wang, Y. et al. ‘Molecular Mechanism of Glutathione-mediated Protection from Oxidised Low-density Lipoprotein Protein-induced Cell Injury in Human Macrophages: Role of Glutathione Reductase and Glutaredoxin.’ Free Radic Biol Med (2006): 41: 775–785.
133
‘Novartis Phase III CANTOS Study Demonstrates that Targeting Inflammation ACZ885 Reduces Cardiovascular Risk’ (27 August 2017). URL: https://www.novartis.com/news/media-releases/novartis-phase-iii-cantos-study-demonstrates-targeting-inflammation-acz885.
134
Levine, M. et al. ‘Low Protein Intake is Associated with a Major Reduction in IGF-1, Cancer, and Overall Mortality in the 65 and Younger but Not Older Population.’ Cell Metabolism (2014): 19: 407–417.
135
Bray, G. et al. ‘Dietary Sugar and Body Weight: Have We Reached a Crisis in the Epidemic of Obesity and Diabetes? Health be damned! Pour on the sugar.’ Diabetes Care (2014): 37: 950–956.
136
‘Just How Much Sugar Do Americans Consume? It’s complicated.’ Associated Press (20 September 2016).
137
См. рекомендации Американской ассоциации кардиологов: http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/HealthyLiving/HealthyEating/Nutrition/Added-Sugars_UCM_305858_Article.jsp#.WbIi9q2Q1sM.
138
Wang, Y. ‘The Obesity Epidemic in the United States – Gender, Age, Socioeconomic, Racial/Ethnic, and Geographic Characteristics: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression Analysis.’ Am J Epidemiol (2007): 29: 6–28.
139
Streib, L. ‘World’s Fattest Countries.’ Forbes (8 February 2007).
140
‘Future Diets: The Global Rise of Obesity’. ODI (2014). URL: https://www.odi.org/opinion/9329-future-diets-global-rise-obesity.
141
French, S. A. et al. ‘Fast-food Restaurant-use Among Women in the Pound of Prevention Study: Dietary, Behavioral and Demographic Correlates.’ Nature (2000): 24: 1353–1359.
142
Ahmed, S. H. et al. ‘Intense Sweetness Surpasses Cocaine Reward.’ PLoS One (2007).
143
Hoebel, B, et al. ‘Sugar and Fat-bingeing Have Notable Dif erences in Addictive-like Behaviour.’ J Nutr (2009): 139: 623–628.
144
Corwin, R. L. et al. ‘Limited Access to a Dietary Fat Option Af ects Ingestive Behavior But Not Body Composition in Male Rats.’ Physiol Behav (1998): 65: 545–553.
145
Hoebel, B, et al. ‘Sugar and Fat-bingeing Have Notable Dif erences in Addictive-like Behaviour’. J Nutr (2009): 139: 623–628.
146
Kearns, C. E. et al. ‘Sugar Industry and Coronary Heart Disease Research: A Historical Analysis of Internal Industry Documents.’ JAMA (2016): 176: 1680–1685.
147
O’Connor, A. ‘How the Sugar Industry Shifted Blame to Fat.’ The New York Times (12 September 2016).
148
Kearns, C. E. et al. ‘Sugar Industry and Coronary Heart Disease Research: A Historical Analysis of Internal Industry Documents.’ JAMA (2016): 176: 1680–1685.
149
O’Connor, A. ‘Study Tied to Food Industry Tries to Discredit Sugar Guidelines.’ The New York Time (19 December 2016).
150
O’Connor, A. ‘Sugar Industry Long Downplayed Potential Harms.’ The New York Times (21 November 2017).
151
‘Independent experts find no grounds for retraction of BMJ article on dietary guidelines.’ The BMJ (2 December 2016). См. заявление BMJ для прессы: http://www.bmj.com/company/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/the-bmj-US-dietary-correction.pdf.
152
Teicholz, N. The Big Fat Surprise: Why Butter, Meat and Cheese Belong in a Healthy Diet. Simon & Schuster (2014).
153
Dietary guidelines for Americans, 2015–2020. Eighth Edition: https://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/guidelines/.
154
‘Fewer Get Heart Attacks.’ Socialstyrelsen (4 November 2013). URL: http://www.socialstyrelsen.se/nyheter/2013november/farrefarhjartinfarkt.
155
Asmat et al. ‘Diabetes mellitus and oxidative stress – a concise review.’ Saudi Pharm J (2016): 24: 547–553.
156
Fields, S. ‘The Fat of the Land: Do Agricultural Subsidies Foster Poor Health?’ Environ Health Perspect (2004): 112: A820–823.
157
Lopes, M. and Prentice, C. ‘U.S. Corn Syrupmakers Slash Prices to Fend Of Cheap Sugar.’ Reuters (11 November 2013).
158
Younossi, Z. M. et al. ‘Global Epidemiology of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease – Meta-Analytic Assessment of Prevalence, Incidence and Outcomes.’ Hepatology (2016): 64: 73–84.
159
Browning, J. D. et al. ‘Prevalence of Hepatic Steatosis in an Urban Population in the United States: Impact of Ethnicity.’ Hepatology (2004): 40 (6): 1387–1395.
160
Samuel, V. T. ‘Fructose-induced Lipogenesis: From Sugar to Fat to Insulin Resistance.’ Trends Endocrinol Metab (2011): 22: 60–65.
161
Lustig, R. Fat Chance: The Hidden Truth About Sugar, Obesity and Disease. Harper Collins (2012).
162
Stout, R. W. ‘Insulin-stimulated Lipogenesis in Arterial Tissue in Relation to Diabetes and Atheroma.’ The Lancet (1968): 2: 7570: 702–703.
163
Steinberg, D. ‘Thematic Review Series: The Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis. An Interpretive History of the Cholesterol Controversy: Part 11: The Early Evidence Linking Hypercholesterolemia to Coronary Disease in Humans.’ J Lipid Res (2005): 46: 2: 179–190.
164
Mohanty, P. et al. ‘Glucose Challenge Stimulates Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Generation by Leucocytes.’ J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2000): 85 (8): 2970–2973.
165
Torres-Leal, F. L. et al. ‘The Role of Infl amed Adipose Tissue in Insulin Resistance.’ Cell Biochem Funct (December 2010): Vol 28: 623–631.
166
Chen, L. et al. ‘Mechanisms Linking Infl ammation to Insulin Resistance.’ Int J Endocrinol (2015): 508409: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ije/2015/508409/.
167
Semenkovich, C. F. ‘Insulin Resistance and Atherosclerosis.’ J Clin Invest (2006): 116: 1813–1822.
168
Ibid.
169
Acheson, K. J. et al. ‘Metabolic Effects of Caf eine in Humans: Lipid Oxidation or Futile Cycling.’ Am J Clin Nutr (2004): 79: 40–46.
170
Duan, W. ‘Dietary Restriction Normalizes Glucose Metabolism and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Levels, Slows Disease Progression and Increases Survival in Huntington Mutant Mice.’ Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (4 March 2003): 100: 2911–2916.
171
Cassidy, S. et al. ‘High-intensity Interval Training: A Review of its Impact on Glucose Control and Cardiometabolic Health.’ Diabetologia (2017): 60: 7–23.
172
Lee, C. ‘Dietary Restriction with and without Caloric Restriction for Healthy Aging.’ Faculty Review (2016). URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4755412/.
173
Mengmeng, L. V. et al. ‘Roles of Caloric Restriction, Ketogenic Diet and Intermittent Fasting during Initiation, Progression and Metastasis of Cancer in Animal Models: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.’ PLoS One (2014): 9 (12): e115147.
174
Dhabhi, J. M. et al. ‘Identification of Potential Caloric Restriction Mimetic by Microarray Profiling.’ Physiol Genomics (2005): 23: 343–350.
175
Anisimov, V. N. et al. ‘Metformin Slows Down Ageing and Extends Lifespan of Female SHR Mice.’ Cell Cycle (2008): 1: 2769–2773.
176
Johnston, B. C. et al. ‘Comparison of Weight Loss Among Named Diet Programs in Overweight and Obese Adults: A Meta-analysis.’ JAMA (2014): 312: 923–933.
177
Astrup, A. et al. ‘Atkins and Other Low Carbohydrate Diets: Hoax or an Effective Tool for Weight Loss?’ The Lancet (2004): 364: 897–899.
178
Hooper, L. et al. ‘Reduced or Modified Dietary Fat for Preventing Cardiovascular Disease.’ The Cochrane Library (May 2012).
179
Chowdrey, R. et al. ‘Association of Dietary, Circulating and Supplemental Fatty Acids with Coronary Risk.’ Ann Intern Med (2014): 160: 398–406.
180
Sacks, F. M. et al. ‘Dietary Fats and Cardiovascular Disease: A Presidential Advisory From the American Heart Association.’ (2017): 136: http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/early/2017/06/15/CIR.0000000000000510.
181
Teicholz, N. (Op-Ed). ‘Don’t Believe the American Heart Assn. – Butter, Steak and Coconut Oil Aren’t Likely to Kill You.’ Los Angeles Times (23 July 2017). URL: http://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-teicholz-saturated-fat-wont-kill-you-20170723-story.html.
182
Dehghan, M. et al. ‘Associations of Fats and Carbohydrate Intake with Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality in 18 Countries from Five Continents (PURE): A Prospective Cohort study.’ The Lancet (August 2017). URL: http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)32252-3/fulltext.
183
Grogger, J. ‘Soda Taxes and the Prices of Sodas and Other Drinks: Evidence from Mexico.’ Am J Agric Econ (2017): 99: 481–489.
184
См., например: http://www.bbc.com/news/health-27961475.
185
Harcombe, Z. ‘An Examination of the Randomized Controlled Trial and Epidemiological Evidence for the Introduction of Dietary Fat Recommendations in 1977 and 1983: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.’ Columbus Publishing (2016).
186
Dehghan, M. et al. ‘Associations of Fats and Carbohydrate Intake with Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality in 18 Countries from Five Continents (PURE): A Prospective Cohort study.’ The Lancet (August 2017).
187
Office for National Statistics. ‘National Life Tables: 2014 to 2016.’ URL: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/lifeexpectancies/bulletins/nationallifetablesnitedkingdom/2014to2016.
188
Office for National Statistics. ‘Estimates of the Very Old (including Centenarians): 2002 to 2016.’ URL: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/births-eathsandmarriages/ageing/bulletins/estimatesoftheveryoldincludingcentenarians/2002to2016#main-points.
189
Willcox, B. et al. ‘The Okinawa Centenarian Study.’ J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci (2006): 61: 354.
190
См. таблицу ГИ, составленную группой ученых из Гарварда: https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/glycemic-index-and-glycemic-load-for-100-foods.
191
Golay, A. et al. ‘Similar Weight-loss with Low-energy Food Combining or Balanced Diets.’ Int J Obes (2000): 24: 492–496.
192
Smith, G. I. et al. ‘High Protein Intake During Weight-loss Therapy Eliminates the Weight-loss-induced Improvement in Insulin Action in Obese Postmenopausal Women.’ Cell Reports (2016): 17: 849–861.
193
Levine, M. et al. ‘Low Protein Intake is Associated with a Major Reduction in IGF-1, Cancer, and Overall Mortality in the 65 and Younger but Not Older Population.’ Cell Metabolism (2014): 19: 407–417.
194
Freeman, J. M. et al. ‘The Ketogenic Diet: One Decade Later.’ Pediatrics (2007): 119: 535–543.
195
Volek, J et al. ‘Metabolic Characteristics of Keto-adapted Ultra Endurance Runners.’ Metabolism (2016): 65: 100–110.
196
Yancy, W. S. et al. ‘A Low-carbohydrate, Ketogenic Diet to Treat Type-2 Diabetes.’ Nutr Metab (2005): 2: 34.
197
Martin, B. C. et al. ‘Role of Glucose and Insulin Resistance in the Development of Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus: Results of a 25-year Follow-up Study.’ The Lancet (1992): 340: 925–929.
198
Semenkovich, C. F. ‘Insulin Resistance and Atherosclerosis.’ J Clin Invest (2006): 116: 1813–1822.
199
Kraft, J. Diabetes Epidemic & You. Traf ord Publishing (2008).
200
Вопрос пшеницы и аллергии очень увлекательный, на эту тему есть хорошие книги. Вот две из моих любимых: Wheat Belly кардиолога Вильяма Дэвиса и Grain Brain невролога Дэвида Перлмуттера. (Издания на русском языке: Дэвис Вильям. Пшеничные килограммы. Как углеводы разрушают тело и мозг. М., 2015; Перлмуттер Дэвид. Еда и мозг. Что углеводы делают со здоровьем, мышлением и памятью. М., 2019.)
201
Estruch, R. et al. ‘Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease with a Mediterranean Diet.’ N Engl J Med (2013): 368: 1279–1290.
202
Buettner, D. ‘The Island Where People Forget to Die.’ The New York Times (24 October 2012).
203
‘Top Trends in Prepared Foods 2017: Exploring trends in meat, fish and seafood; pasta, noodles and rice; prepared meals; savory deli food; soup; and meat substitutes.’ Report Buyer (2017). URL: https://www.reportbuyer.com/product/4959853/top-trends-in-prepared-foods-2017-exploring-trends-in-meat-fish-and-seafood-pasta-noodles-and-rice-prepared-meals-savory-deli-food-soup-and-meat-substitutes.html.
204
Holtcamp, W. ‘Obesogens: an environmental link to obesity.’ Environ Health Perspect (2012): 120: a62–a68.
205
‘IARC Monographs evaluate consumption of red meat and processed meat.’ WHO Internat. Agency for Research on Cancer (2015). URL: http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2015/pdfs/pr240_E.pdf.
206
Orlich, M. J. et al. ‘Vegetarian Dietary Patterns and Mortality in Adventist Health Study 2.’ JAMA (2013): 173: 1230–1238.
207
‘45 and Up Study.’ Saxinstitute. URL: https://www.saxinstitute.org.au/our-work/45-up-study/.
208
Craig, W. J. ‘Nutritional concerns and health effects of vegetarian diets.’ Nutr Clin Pract (2010): 25: 613–620. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21139125.
209
Rosell, M. S. et al. ‘Long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in plasma in British meat-eating, vegetarian, and vegan men.’ Am J Clin Nutr (2005): 82: 327–334. URL: https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/82/2/327/4862944.
210
Hirata, Y. et al. ‘Trans-fatty acids promote pro-inflammatory signaling and cell death by stimulating the apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1)-p38 pathway.’ J Biol Chem (2017). URL: http://www.jbc.org/content/early/2017/03/29/jbc.M116.771519.abstract.
211
Restrepo, B. J. et al. ‘Denmark’s policy on artificial trans fats and cardiovascular disease.’ Am J Prev Med (2016): 50: 59–76.
212
Simonen, P. et al. ‘Cholesterol synthesis is increased and absorption decreased in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease independent of obesity.’ J Hepatol (2011): 54: 153–159.
213
Trappe, T. A. et al. ‘Effect of ibuprofen and acetaminophen on postexercise muscle protein synthesis.’ Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab (2002): 282: E 551–556.
214
Bowe. W. et al. ‘Acne vulgaris, probiotics and the gut-brain-skin axis – back to the future.’ Gut Pathogens (2011): 3: 1.
215
Holzapfel, W. H. et al. ‘Overview of gut fl ora and probiotics.’ Int J Food Microbiol (1998): 41: 85–101.
216
Beasley, D. E. et al. ‘The evolution of stomach acidity and it’s relevance to the human microbiome.’ PLoS One (2015): 10: e0134116.
217
Dukowicz, A. C. et al. ‘Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth.’ Gastroenterol Hepatol (2007): 3: 112–122.
218
Calton, J. ‘Prevalence of micronutrient deficiency in popular diet plans.’ J Int Soc Sport Nutr (2010): 7: 24.
219
Rose, S. et al. ‘Evidence of oxidative damage and inflammation associated with low glutathione redox status in the autism brain.’ Transl Psychiatry (2012): 2: e134.
220
Dean, O. M. et al. ‘A role for glutathione in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia? Animal models and relevance to clinical practice.’ Curr Med Chem (2009): 16: 2965–2976.
221
Bishop, C. ‘A pilot study of the effect of inhaled buf ered reduced glutathione on the clinical status of patients with cystic fibrosis.’ Chest (2005): 127: 308–317.
222
Pizzorno, J. et al. ‘Glutathione.’ Integr Med (2014): 13: 8–12.
223
Noakes, T. and Sboros, M. Lore of Nutrition: Challenging conventional dietary beliefs. Penguin Random House (2017), p. 22.
224
Bell, M. et al. ‘A Retrospective Assessment of the London Smog Episode of 1952: the Role of Infl uenza and Pollution.’ Environ Health Perspect 112.1 (2004): 6–8.
225
‘Seven million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution.’ World Health Organization press release (2014): http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2014/air-pollution/en/
226
Azevedo, B. F. et al. ‘Toxic Effects of Mercury on the Cardiovascular and Central Nervous Systems.’ J Biomed Biotechnol (2012): doi: 10.1155/2012/949048.
227
‘Cancer and Toxic Chemicals.’ Physicians for Social Responsibility (2010). URL: http://www.psr.org/environment-and-health/environmental-health-policy-institute/responses/environmental-and-occupational-toxicants-and-cancer.html.
228
McNeill, J. R. Something New Under the Sun: An Environmental History of the Twentieth-Century World New York: Norton, xxvi, 421 pp. (2001).
229
‘Blood Lead Levels Keep Dropping; New Guidelines Recommended for Those Most Vulnerable.’ CDC (1997). URL: https://www.cdc.gov/media/pressrel/lead.htm.
230
Shy, C. M. ‘Lead in Petrol: The Mistake of the XXth Century.’ World Health Stat Q (1990): 43: 168–176.
231
Waalkes, M. P. ‘Cadmium Carcinogenesis in Review.’ J Inorg Biochem (2000): 79: 241–244.
232
Xue, J. ‘Methyl-Mercury Exposure from Fish Consumption in Vulnerable Racial/Ethnic Populations: Probabilistic SHEDS-Dietary Model Analyses Using 1999–2006 NHANES and 1990–2002 TDS Data.’ Sci Total Environ (2012): 373–379.
233
Carson, R. Silent Spring. Houghton Miffl in (1962).
234
‘Organophosphates: A Common But Deadly Pesticide.’ National Geographic (2013).
235
‘Neonicotinoids, Bee Disorders and the Sustainability of Pollinator Services.’ Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability (2013): 5 (4): 293–305.
236
Goulson, D. ‘Ecology: Pesticides linked to bird declines.’ Nature 511 (2014): 295–296.
237
Gilbert, E. S. ‘Ionising Radiation and Cancer Risks: What We Have Learned from Epidemiology?’ Int J Radiat Biol (2009): 85: 467–482.
238
‘Chernobyl: The True Scale of the Accident.’ WHO (2005). URL: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2005/pr38/en/.
239
Pall, M. L. ‘Scientific Evidence Contradicts Findings and Assumptions of Canadian Safety Panel 6: Microwaves Act Through Voltage-gated Calcium Channel Activation to Induce Biological Impacts at Non-thermal Levels, Supporting a Paradigm Shift for Microwave/Lower Frequency Electromagnetic Field Action.’ Rev Environ Health (2015): 30: 99–116.
240
‘IARC Classifies Radio-frequency Electromagnetic Fields As Possibly Carcinogenic to Humans.’ World Health Organization (May 2011). URL:: http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2011/pdfs/pr208_E.pdf.
241
Landrigan, P. J. et al. ‘The Lancet Commission on Pollution and Health.’ The Lancet (Oct 2017). URL:: http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)32345-0/abstract.
242
Cohen, A. J. et al. ‘Estimates and 25-year Trends of the Global Burden of Disease Attributable to Ambient Air Pollution: An Analysis of Data from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2015.’ The Lancet (2017). URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30505-6.
243
Benbrook, C. M. ‘Trends in glyphosate herbicide use in the United States and globally.’ Environ Sci Eur (2016): 28: 3.
244
Wu, J. et al. ‘Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)-Like Pathology in Aged Monkeys after Infantile Exposure to Environmental Metal Lead (Pb): Evidence for a Developmental Origin and Environmental Link for AD.’ J Neurosci (2008): 28: 3–9.
245
‘Tobacco control can save billions of dollars and millions of lives.’ World Health Organization Media Centre (2017). URL: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2017/tobacco-control-lives/en/.
246
‘The Master Settlement Agreement: An Overview.’ The Public Health Law Center (2015). URL: http://publichealthlawcenter.org/sites/default/files/resources/tclc-fs-msa-overview-2015.pdf.
247
West, R. and Fidler, J. ‘Smoking and Smoking Cessation in England 2010: Findings from the Smoking Toolkit Study.’ University College London (2011).
248
For the history of amalgam fillings see, for instance, Rathore, M. et al: ‘The Dental Amalgam Toxicity Fear: A Myth or Actuality.’ Toxicol Int (2012): 19 (2): 81–88.
249
‘The Safety of Dental Amalgam and Alternative Dental Restoration Materials for Patients and Users.’ Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) (2015). URL: https://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/emerging/docs/scenihr_o_046.pdf.
250
‘EU Agrees Dental Amalgam Ban in Children, Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women.’ World Alliance for Mercury-Free Dentistry press release (8 December 2016). URL: http://www.eeb.org/index.cfm/library/eu-agrees-dental-amalgam-ban-in-children-pregnant-and-breastfeeding-women/.
251
Séralini, G.-E. et al. ‘Long term toxicity of a Roundup herbicide and a Roundup-tolerant genetically modified maize.’ Food Chem Toxicol, 50 (2012): 50: 4221–4231.
252
Wallace Hayes, A. ‘Editor in Chief of Food and Chemical Toxicology answers questions on retraction.’ Food Chem Toxicol (2014): 65: 394–395.
253
‘Evaluation of Five Organophosphate Insecticides and Herbicides.’ IARC Monographs, Volume 12 (2015). URL:: https://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/iarcnews/pdf/MonographVolume112.pdf.
254
‘Conclusion on the Peer Review of the Pesticide Risk Assessment of the Active Substance Glyphosate.’ European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal (2015): 13 (11): 4302: DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4302.
255
‘Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues: Summary Report.’ WHO (16 May 2016). URL: http://www.who.int/foodsafety/jmprsummary2016.pdf.
256
Как правило, оценивают в комплексе показатели уровней следующих веществ: аланинаминотрансфераза, аспартатаминотрансфераза, щелочная фосфатаза, общий белок, альбумины, билирубин, гаммаглутамилтранспептидаза, лактатдегидрогеназа. Также оценивают протромбиновое время. – Прим. науч. ред.
257
Krieg, M. et al. ‘Effect of Aging on Endogenous Level of 5-alpha-Dihydrotestosterone, Testosterone, Estradiol and Estrone in Epithelium and Stroma of Normal and Hyperplastic Human Prostate.’ J Clin Endocrinol Metab (1993): 77 (2): 375–381.
258
Jankowska, E. A. et al. ‘Circulating Estradiol and Mortality in Men with Systolic Chronic Heart Failure.’ JAMA (2009): 301 (18): 1892–1901.
259
Abbott, R. D. et al. ‘Serum Estradiol and Risk of Stroke in Elderly Men.’ Neurology (2007): 68 (8): 563–568.
260
Klaiber, E. L. et al. ‘Serum Estrogen Levels in Men with Acute Myocardial Infarction.’ Am J Med (1982): 73 (6): 872–881.
261
Krieg, M. et al. ‘Effect of Aging on Endogenous Level of 5-alpha-Dihydrotestosterone, Testosterone, Estradiol and Estrone in Epithelium and Stroma of Normal and Hyperplastic Human Prostate.’ J Clin Endocrinol Metab (1993): 77 (2): 375–381.
262
Mauvais-Jarvis, P. et al. ‘Inhibition of Testosterone Conversion to Dihydrotestosterone in Men Treated Percutaneously by Progesterone.’ J Clin Endocrinol Metab (1974): 38 (1): 142–147.
263
Ibid.
264
Browning, J. D. et al. ‘Prevalence of Hepatic Steatosis in an Urban Population in the United States: Impact of Ethnicity.’ Hepatology (2004): 40 (6): 1387–1395.
265
Sanna, C. et al. ‘Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Extra-hepatic Cancers.’ Int J Mol Sci (2016): 17: 717.
266
Nseir, W. et al. ‘Relationship Between Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Breast Cancer.’ Isr Med Assoc J (2017): 19: 242–5. Paschos, P. and Paletas, K. ‘Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Metabolic Syndrome.’ Hippokratia (2009): 13 (1): 9–19.
267
Browning, J. D. et al. ‘Prevalence of Hepatic Steatosis in an Urban Population in the United States: Impact of Ethnicity.’ Hepatology (2004): 40 (6): 1387–1395.
268
Younossi, Z. M. et al. ‘Global Epidemiology of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease-Meta-Analytic Assessment of Prevalence, Incidence and Outcomes.’ Hepatology (2016): 64: 73–84.
269
Zhang, Q. Q. et al. ‘Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Dyslipidaemia, Risk for Cardiovascular Complications and Treatment Strategy.’ J Clin Transl Hepatol (2015): 3: 78–84.
270
Ballestri, S. et al. ‘Risk of Cardiovascular, Cardiac and Arrhythmic Complications in Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.’ World J Gastroenterol (2014): 20 (7): 1724–1745.
271
Bailey, R. et al. ‘Unmetabolized Serum Folic Acid and Its Relation to Folic Acid Intake from Diet and Supplements in a Nationally Representative Sample of Adults Aged > or = 60y in the United States.’ Am J Clin Nutr (2010): 92: 383–389.
272
Andreoli, V. and Sprovieri, F. ‘Genetic Aspects of Susceptibility to Mercury Toxicity: An Overview.’ Int J Environ Res Public Health (2017): 14: 93.
273
Rush, T. et al. ‘Effects of Chelation on Mercury, Iron & Lead Neurotoxicity.’ Neurotoxicology (2009): 47–51.
274
Dutczak, W. J. and Ballatori, N. ‘Transport of the Glutathione-Methylercury Complex Across Liver Canalicular Membranes on Reduced Glutathione Carriers.’ J Biol Chem (1994): 269: 9746–9751.
275
Kaur, P. et al. ‘Glutathione Modulation Influences Methylmercury-induced Neurotoxicity in Primary Cell Cultures of Neurons and Astrocytes.’ NeuroToxicology (2006): 27 (4): 492–500.
276
Kane, P. et al. The Detoxx Book: Detoxification of Biotoxins in Chronic Neurotoxic Syndromes (2009).
277
Anand, P. et al. ‘Cancer is a Preventable Disease that Requires Major Lifestyle Changes.’ Pharm Res (2008): 25: 2097–2116.
278
Singh, S. Fermat’s Last Theorem. Fourth Estate (1997).
279
Bianconi, E., et al. ‘An estimation of the number of cells in the human body.’ Ann Hum Biol, November – December 2013, Vol. 40, No. 6: p. 463–471.
280
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s National Center for Health Statistics. Life Expectancy by Age, National Vital Statistics Reports (2011). http://www.cdc.gov/nchs.
281
Steele, E. M. et al. ‘Ultra-Processed Foods and Added Sugars in the US Diet: Evidence from a Nationally Representative Cross-Sectional Study.’ BMJ Open (2016): URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009892.
282
Menke, A. et al. ‘Prevalence of and Trends in Diabetes Among Adults in the United States, 1988–2012.’ JAMA (2015): 314 (10): 1021–1029. Reference: doi:10.1001/jama.2015.10029.
283
Orentreich, N. et al. ‘Age Changes and Sex Differences in Serum Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate Concentrations Throughout Adulthood.’ J Clin Endocrinol Metab (1984): 59: 551–555.
284
Sarrel, P. M. et al. ‘The mortality toll of oestrogen avoidance: an analysis of excessive deaths among hysterectomized women aged 50 to 59 years.’ Am J Public Health (2013): 103: 1583–1588.
285
Mazat, L. et al. ‘Prospective measurements of dehyrdoepiandrostenone sulphate in a cohort of elderly subjects: relationship to gender, subjective health, smoking habits, and 10-year mortality.’ Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2001): 98: 8145–8150.
286
Zoladz, J. A. et al. ‘The effect of physical activity on the brain derived neurotrophic factor: from animal to human studies.’ J Physiol Pharmacol (2010): 61: 533–541.
287
Piasecki, M. et al. ‘Age-related neuromuscular changes affecting human vastus later-alis.’ J Physiol (2016): 594: 4525–4536.
288
Little, J. P. et al. ‘A practical model of low-volume high-intensity interval training induces mitochondrial biogenesis in human skeletal muscle: potential mechanisms.’J Physiol (2010): 588: 1011–1022.
289
Souza-Teodoro, L. H. et al. ‘Higher serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate protects against the onset of depression in the elderly: Findings from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA).’ Psychoneuroendocrinology (2016): 64: 40–46.
290
Ravaglia, G. et al. ‘Determinants of Functional Status in Healthy Italian Nonagenarians and Centenarians: A Comprehensive Functional Assessment by the Instruments of Geriatric Practice.’ J Am Geriatr Soc (1997): 45: 10: 1196–1202.
291
Ibid.
292
Jopp, D. S. et al. ‘Physical, Cognitive, Social and Mental Health in Near-Centenarians and Centenarians Living in New York City: Findings from the Fordham Centenarian Study.’ BMC Geriatr (2016): 16: 1.
293
Buettner, D. The Blue Zones: Lessons for Living Longer from the People Who’ve Lived the Longest. National Geographic (2010). (Издание на русском языке: Бюттнер Дэн. Голубые зоны. 9 правил долголетия от людей, которые живут дольше всех. М., 2015.)
294
Три основных BCAA – это валин, лейцин и изолейцин. Они содержатся в мясе, рыбе, молочных продуктах и яйцах, а также в бобах, чечевице и орехах. – Прим. автора.
295
Maynial-Denis, D. ‘Glutamine Metabolism in Advanced Ageing.’ Nutr Rev (2016): 74: 225–236.
296
Kloek, J. et al. ‘Glutathione Prevents the Early Asthmatic Reaction and Airway Hyperresponsiveness in Guinea Pigs.’ J Physiol Pharmacol (2010): 61: 67–72.
297
Jeevanandam, M. et al. ‘Altered Plasma Cytokines and Total Glutathione Levels in Parenterally Fed Critically Ill Trauma Patients with Adjuvant Recombinant Human Growth Hormone (rhGH) Therapy.’ Crit Care Med (2000): 28: 2: 324–329.
298
Christensen, K. et al. ‘The Quest for Genetic Determinants of Human Longevity: Challenges and Insights.’ Nat Rev Genet (2006): 7: 436–448.
299
Liu, H. et al. ‘Systematic Review: The Safety and Efficacy of Growth Hormone in the Healthy Elderly.’ Ann Intern Med (2007): 146: 104–105.
300
Liu, H. et al. ‘Systematic Review: The Safety and Efficacy of Growth Hormone in the Healthy Elderly.’ Ann Intern Med (2007): 146: 104–105.
301
‘Analysis of Faulty Data Yields Inaccurate Results: Thousands Benefit from Growth Hormone Replacement Therapy for Aging-Related Disorders – Proven, Real-World Track Record of Benefits of Adult Growth.’ Worldhealth.net (15 January 2007), A4M in the Media. URL: http://www.worldhealth.net/news/analysis_of_faulty_data_yields_inaccurat/.
302
Brown-Borg, H. M. et al. ‘Life Extension in the Dwarf Mouse.’ Curr Top Dev Biol (2004): 63: 189–225.
303
Bartke, A. et al. ‘Does growth hormone prevent or accelerate aging?’ Exp Gerontol (1998): 33: 675–687.
304
Clancy, D. J. et al. ‘Extension of life-span by loss of CHICO, a Drosophila insulin receptor substrate protein.’ Science (2001): 292: 104–106.
305
Patronek, G. J. et al. ‘Comparative Longevity of Pet Dogs and Humans: Implications for Gerontology Research.’ J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci (1997): 52A: B 171–178.
306
Besson, A. et al. ‘Reduced Longevity in Untreated Patients with Isolated Growth Hormone Deficiency.’ J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2003): 88: 80: 3664–3667.
307
Guevara-Aguirre, J. et al. ‘Growth Hormone Receptor Deficiency is Associated with a Major Reduction in Pro-aging Signaling, Cancer and Diabetes in Humans.’ Sci Transl Med (2011): 3 (70): 70.
308
Shevah, O., Laron, Z. ‘Patients with Congenital Deficiency of IGF-I Seem Protected from the Development of Malignancies: A Preliminary Report.’ Growth Horm IGF Res (2007): 17: 54–57.
309
Shechter, M. et al. ‘Obese Adults with Primary Growth Hormone Resistance (Laron Syndrome) have Normal Endothelial Function.’ Growth Horm IGF Res (2007): 17: 165–170.
310
Milman, S. et al. ‘Low Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Level Predicts Survival in Humans with Exceptional Longevity.’ Aging Cell (12 March 2014). http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/acel.12213/full.
311
Orme, S. M. et al. ‘Mortality and Cancer Incidence in Acromegaly: A Retrospective Cohort Study.’ J Clin Endocrinol Metab (1998): 83: 2730–2734.
312
Sacca, L. et al. ‘Growth Hormone, Acromegaly and Heart Failure: An Intricate Triangulation.’ Clin Endocrinol (2003): 59: 660–671.
313
Vergara, M. et al. ‘Hormone-Treated Snell Dwarf Mice Regain Fertility But Remain Long Lived and Disease Resistant.’ J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci (2004): 59: 1244–1250.
314
Panici, J. et al. ‘Early Life Growth Hormone Treatment Shortens Longevity and Decreases Cellular Stress Resistance in Long-lived Mutant Mice.’ FASEB J (2010): 24: 5073–5079.
315
Chrisman, O. D. ‘The Effect of Growth Hormone on Established Cartilage Lesions. A Presidential Address to the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons, 1974.’ Clin Orthop Relat Res (1975): 107: 232–238.
316
Eto, B. et al. ‘Glutamate-Arginine Salts and Hormonal Responses to Exercise.’ Arch Physiol Biochem (1995): 103: 160–164.
317
Manglik, S. et al. ‘Serum Insulin but not Leptin is Associated with Spontaneous and Growth Hormone (GH)-releasing Hormone Stimulated GH Secretion in Volunteers with and without Weight-loss.’ Metabolism (1998): 47: 1127–1133.
318
Denti, L. et al. ‘Effects of Aging on Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate in Relation to Fasting Insulin Levels and Body Composition Assessed by Bioimpedance Analysis.’ Metabolism (1997): 1246–1251.
319
Xu, X. et al. ‘Ethanol Suppresses Growth Hormone-Mediated Cellular Responses in Liver Slices.’ Alcoholism: Clin Exp Res (1995): 19: 1246–1251.
320
Van Cauter, E. et al. ‘Age-related Changes in Slow Wave Sleep and REM Sleep and Relationship with Growth Hormone and Cortisol Levels in Healthy Men.’ JAMA (2000): 284: 861–868.
321
Valenti, G. ‘Neuroendocrine Hypothesis of Ageing: The Role of Corticoadrenal Steroids.’ J Endocrinol Invest (2004): 27: 62–63.
322
Morales, A. J. ‘Effects of Replacement Dose of Dehydroepiandrosterone in Men and Women of Advancing Age.’ J Clin Endocrinol Metab (1994): 1360–1367. Bloch, M. et al. ‘Dehydroepiandrosterone Treatment of Midlife Dysthymia.’ Biol Psychiatry (1999): 45: 1533–1541.
323
Wolkowitz, O. M. et al. ‘Double-blind Treatment of Major Depression with Dehydroepiandrosterone.’ Am J Psychiatry (1999): 156 (4): 646–649. Schmidt, P. et al. ‘Dehydroepiandrosterone Monotherapy in Midlife-Onset Major and Minor Depression.’ Arch Gen Psychiatry (2005): 62: 154–162.
324
Reiter, W. J. et al. ‘DHEA in the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction. A Prospective, Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo Controlled Study.’ Urology (1999): 53: 590–594.
325
Barrett-Connor, E. et al. ‘Endogenous Levels of Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate, But Not Other Sex Hormones, are Associated with Depressed Mood in Older Women: the Rancho Bernardo Study.’ J Am Geriatr Soc (1999): 47: 685–691.
326
Bastianetto, S. et al. ‘Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) Protects Hippocampal Cells from Oxidative Stress-induced Damage.’ Mol Brain Res (1999): 66: 35–41.
327
Alhaj, H. A. et al. ‘Effects of DHEA Administration on Episodic Memory, Cortisol and Mood in Healthy Young Men: A Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study.’ Psychopharmacology (2006): 188: 541–551.
328
Roth, G. et al: ‘Global and National Cardiovascular Disease Prevalence, Mortality, and Disability-Adjusted Life-Years for 1 °Causes, 1990 to 2015.’ J Am Coll Cardiol (May 2017).
329
Feldman, H. et al. ‘Low Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate and Heart Disease in Middle-Aged Men: Cross-Sectional Results from the Massachusetts Male Aging Study.’ AEP (1998): 8217–8228.
330
Fukui, M. et al. ‘Serum Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate Concentration and Carotid Atherosclerosis in Men with Type-2 Diabetes.’ Atherosclerosis (2005): 181: 339–344.
331
Yoshida, S. et al. ‘Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate is Inversely Associated with Sex-Dependent Diverse Carotid Atherosclerosis Regardless of Endothelial Function.’ Atherosclerosis (2010): 212: 310–315.
332
Okamoto, K. ‘Relationship Between Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate and Serum Lipid Levels in Japanese Men.’ J Epidemiol (1996): 6: 63–67.
333
Nestler, J. et al. ‘Dehydroepiandrosterone Reduces Serum Low Density Lipoprotein Levels and Body Fat but Does not Alter Insulin Sensitivity in Normal Men.’ J Clin Endocrinol Metab (1988): 66: 57–61.
334
Jimenez, M. et al. ‘Low Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulphate is Associated with Increased Risk of Ischemic Stroke Among Women.’ Stroke (2013): 44. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3811081/.
335
Fulop, T. et al. ‘Relationship Between the Response to Influenza Vaccination and the Nutritional Status in Institutionalized Elderly Subjects.’ J Gerontol Biol Sci (1999): 54: M59–64.
336
Khorram, O. et al. ‘Activation of Immune Function by Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in Age-advanced Men.’ J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci (1997): 52 (1): M1–7.
337
Goh, J. et al. ‘Exposure To Harmful Workplace Practices Could Account For Inequality In Life Spans Across Different Demographic Groups.’ Health Affairs (2015): 34: 1761–1768.
338
Hara, M. R. et al. ‘A Stress Response Pathway Regulates DNA Damage Through β-2-Adrenoreceptors and β-Arrestin-1.’ Nature (2011): 477: 349–353.
339
Phillips, A. et al. ‘Cortisol, DHEA Sulphate, Their Ratio and All-cause and Cause-specific Mortality in the Vietnam Experience Study.’ Eur J Endocrinol (2010): 163: 285–292.
340
Berk, M. et al. ‘N-acetylcysteine for Depressive Symptoms in Bipolar Disorder. A Randomised Placebo-controlled Trial.’ Biol Psychiatry (2008): 64, 6: 468–475.
341
Cerami, A. et al. ‘Glucose and Aging.’ Sci Am (1987): 256: 90–96.
342
Smith, M. A. et al. ‘Advanced Maillard Reaction End Products are Associated with Peroxisome Proliferations.’ Chem Biol Interact (1999): 1–3: 205–218.
343
Bierhaus, A. et al. ‘Advanced Glycation End Product-Induced activation of NF Kappa B is Suppressed by Alpha-lipoic Acid in Cultured Endothelial Cells.’ Diabetes (1997): 47: 1481–1490.
344
Asgary, S. et al. ‘Antioxidant Effects of Flavonoids on Haemoglobin Glycosylation.’ Pharm Acta Helv (1999): 73: 223–226.
345
Song, D. et al. ‘Chronic N-acetylcysteine Prevents Fructose-induced Insulin Resistance and Hypertension in Rats.’ Eur J Pharmacol (2005): 508: 205–210.
346
Masha, A. et al. ‘Prolonged Treatment with N-acetylcysteine and L-arginine Restores Gonadal Function in Patients with PCO Syndrome.’ J Endocrinol Invest (2009). Nakagawa, T. et al. ‘Protective Activity of Green Tea Against Free Radical and Glucose Mediated Protein Damage.’ J Agric Food Chem (2002): 50: 2418–2422.
347
Koschinsky, T. et al. ‘Orally-absorbed Reactive Glycation Products (Glycotoxins): An Environmental Risk Factor in Diabetic Nephropathy.’ Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (1997): 94: 6474–6479.
348
Halvorsen, B. L. et al. ‘Determination of Lipid Oxidation Products in Vegetable Oils and Marine Omega-3 Supplements.’ Food Nutr Res (2011): 55.
349
Boor, P. et al. ‘Regular Moderate Exercise Reduces Advanced Glycation and Ameliorates Early Diabetic Nephropathy in Obese Zucker Rats.’ Metabolism (2009): 58: 1669–1677.
350
Flatley, J. ‘The nature of violent crime in England and Wales: year ending March 2017.’ The Oice of National Statistics.
351
Salleh, R. M. ‘Life event, stress and illness.’ Malays J Med Sci (2008): 15: 9–18.
352
Sapolsky, R. M. Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers: An Updated Guide to Stress, Stress-Related Diseases and Coping. W. H. Freeman (1994).
353
Lowe, S. et al. ‘Control of Apoptosis by p53.’ Oncogene (2003): 22: 9030–9040.
354
Makoto, R. et al. ‘A Stress Response Pathway Regulates DNA Damage Through B 2-adrenoreceptors and B-arrestin.’ Nature (online): 21 August 2011.
355
Misra, M. et al. ‘Higher Cortisol Associated with Greater Visceral Adiposity.’ Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab (2008): 295 (2).
356
Straub, R. et al. ‘Inadequately Low Serum Levels of Steroid Hormones in Relation to IL6 and Tumour Necrosis Factor in Untreated Patients with Early Rheumatoid Arthritis.’ Arthritis Rheum (2002): 654–662.
357
Khani, S. et al. ‘Cortisol Increases Glucose-Genesis in Humans: Its Role in the Metabolic Syndrome.’ Clinical Sciences (2001): 101: 739–747.
358
Dhabhar, F. S. et al. ‘Acute Stress Enhances While Chronic Stress Suppresses Cell-Mediated Immunity In Vivo: A Potential Role for Leukocyte Traicking.’ Brain Behav Immun (1997): 11 (4): 286–306.
359
Reiche, E. M. V. et al. ‘Stress, Depression, the Immune System and Cancer.’ Lancet Oncol (2004): 5: 617–625.
360
Jeferies, W. M. Safe Uses of Cortisol. Charles C. Thomas Pub Ltd, 3rd Ed (2004), pp. 3–9.
361
Hench, P. S. et al. ‘The Effect of a Hormone of the Adrenal Cortex on Rheumatoid Arthritis.’ Preliminary Report. Proc Staf Meet, Mayo Clinic (1949): 24: 181–197.
362
Jeferies, W. M. Safe Uses of Cortisol. Charles C. Thomas Pub Ltd, 3rd Ed (2004), pp. 3–9.
363
Jeferies, W. M. ‘Low-Dosage Glucocorticoid Therapy.’ Arch Intern Med (1967): 119: 265–278.
364
Steptoe, A, et al. ‘Depression and Elevated Cortisol.’ Am J Epidemiol (2008): 167 (1): 96–102.
365
Lupien, S. et al. ‘The Douglas Hospital Longitudinal Study of Normal and Pathological Ageing.’ J Psych of Neuroscience (2005): 30: 328–334.
366
Swaab, D. F. et al. ‘Elevated Cortisol in Rats Induces Neuronal Damage.’ Ageing Res Rev (2005): 4 (2): 141–194.
367
Stenius, F. et al. ‘Salivary Cortisol Levels and Allergy in Children: the ALADDIN Birth Cohort.’ J Clin Immune (2011).
368
Hedman, M. et al. ‘Low Blood and Synovial Fluid Levels of Conjugated Steroids in Rheumatoid Arthritis.’ Clin Exp Rheumatol (1992) 10: 25–30.
369
Strickland, P. et al. ‘A Comparison of Salivary Cortisol in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Community Depression and Healthy Controls.’ Journal of Af ective Disorders (1998): 47: 191–194.
370
Dunkelmann, S. S. et al. ‘Cortisol Metabolism in Obesity.’ J Clin Endocrinol Metab (1964): 24: 832–841.
371
Szafarczyk, A. et al. ‘Further Evidence for a Central Stimulatory Action of Catecholamines on Adrenocorticotropin Release in the Rat.’ Endocrinology (1987): 121 (3): 121.
372
Figueiro, M. and Rea, M. S. ‘The Effects of Red and Blue Light on Circadian Variations in Cortisol, Alpha Amylase, and Melatonin.’ International Journal of Endocrinology (2010): ID 829351.
373
Jung, H. J. et al. ‘Effect of Testosterone Replacement Therapy on Cognitive Performance and Depression in Men with Testosterone Deficiency Syndrome.’ World J Men’s Health (2016): 34: 194–199.
374
Arlt, W. et al. ‘DHEA replacement in women with adrenal insui ciency – pharmacokinetics, bioconversion and clinical effects on well-being, sexuality and cognition.’ Endocrine Research (2000): 26: 505–511. URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/07435800009048561.
375
Sarrel, P. M. et al. ‘The mortality toll of oestrogen avoidance: an analysis of excessive deaths among hysterectomized women aged 50 to 59 years.’ Am J Public Health (2013): 103: 1583–1588.
376
Basaria, S. et al. ‘Adverse events associated with testosterone administration.’ N Engl J Med (2010): 363 (2): 109–122.
377
Levine, H. et al. ‘Temporal Trends in Sperm Count: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression Analysis.’ Hum Reprod Update (2017): 1–14.
378
‘Ageing and health.’ World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs404/en/.
379
Vermeulen, A. et al. ‘The apparent free testosterone concentration: An index of androgenicity.’ J Clin Endocrinol Metab (1971): 33: 759–767.
380
Kaufman, J. M. et al. ‘Androgens in male senescence.’ In Nieschlag, E., Behre, H. M. eds. Testosterone action, deficiency, substitution. Berlin, Springer-verlag (1998): 437–471. Liefke, E. et al. ‘Age-related changes of serum sex hormones, insulin-like growth factor-1 and SHBG levels in men: cross-sectional data from a healthy male cohort.’ Clin Endocrinol (Oxford) (2000): 53: 689–695.
381
Stellato, R. K. et al. ‘Testosterone, SHBG and the development of type-2 diabetes in middle-aged men: prospective results from the Massachusetts Male Ageing Study.’ Diabetes Care (2000): 23: 490–494.
382
Mof at, S. D. et al. ‘Longitudinal assessment of serum free testosterone concentration predicts memory performance and cognitive status in elderly men.’ J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2002): 87: 5001–5193.
383
Mof at, S. D. et al. ‘Free testosterone and risk for Alzheimer’s disease in older men.’ Neurology (2004): 62: 188–193. Braga-Basaria, M. et al. ‘Metabolic syndrome in med with prostate cancer undergoing long-term androgen deprivation therapy.’ J Clin Oncol (2006): 24: 3979–3983.
384
Selvin, E. et al. ‘Androgens and diabetes in men: results from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NAHANES III).’ Diabetes Care (2007): 30: 234–238.
385
Rosano, G. M. et al. ‘Low testosterone levels are associated with coronary artery disease in male patients with angina.’ Int J Impot Res (2007): 19: 176–182.
386
Khaw, K. T. et al. ‘Endogenous testosterone and mortality due to all causes, cardiovascular disease and cancer in men. EPIC-Norfolk prospective population study.’ Circulation (2007): 116: 2694–2701.
387
Malkin, C. J. et al. ‘The effect of testosterone replacement on endogenous infl ammatory cytokines and lipid profiles in hypogonadal men.’ J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2004): 89: 3313–3318.
388
Oppenheim, D. S. et al. ‘Elevated serum lipids in hypogonadal men with and without hyperprolactinaemia.’ Ann Intern Med (1989): 111: 288–292.
389
Hanke, H. et al. ‘Effect of testosterone on plaque development and androgen receptor expression in the arterial vessel wall.’ Circulation (2001): 103: 1382–1385.
390
Malkin, C. J. et al. ‘The effect of testosterone replacement on endogenous infl ammatory cytokines and lipid profiles in hypogonadal men.’ J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2004): 89: 3313–3318.
391
Rubinow, K. B. et al. ‘Testosterone replacement in hypogonadal men alters the HDL proteome but not HDL cholesterol el ux capacity.’ J Lipid Res (2012): 53: 1376–1383. Nettleship, J. E. et al. ‘Physiological testosterone replacement therapy attenuates fatty streak formation and improves high density lipoprotein cholesterol in the Tfm mouse.’ Circulation (2007): 116: 2427–2434.
392
Hanke, H. et al. ‘Effect of testosterone on plaque development and androgen receptor expression in the arterial vessel wall.’ Circulation (2001): 103: 1382–1385.
393
Hackett, G. et al. ‘Testosterone replacement therapy improves metabolic parameters in hypogonadal men with type 2 diabetes but not in men with coexisting depression: the BLAST study.’ J Sex Med (2014): 11: 840–856.
394
Dhinsa, S. et al. ‘Insulin Resistance and Infl ammation in Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism and Their Reduction After Testosterone Replacement in Men With Type 2 Diabetes.’ Diabetes Care (2016): 39: 82–91.
395
Cherrier, M. M. et al. ‘Testosterone improves spatial memory in men with Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment.’ Neurology (2005): 64: http://n.neurology.org/content/64/12/2063.full.
396
Vigen, R. et al. ‘Association of testosterone therapy with mortality, myocardial infarction, and stroke in men with low testosterone levels.’ JAMA (2013): 310: 1829–1836.
397
Finkle, W. D. et al. ‘Increased risk of nonfatal myocardial infarction following testosterone therapy prescription in men.’ PLoS One (2014): 9.
398
Patel, P., Arora, B., Molnar, J., et al. ‘Effect of testosterone therapy on adverse cardiovascular events among men: A meta-analysis.’ American College of Cardiology 2015 Scientific Sessions (15 March 2015).
399
Corona, G. et al. ‘Testosterone replacement therapy and cardiovascular risk: a review.’ World J Men’s Health (2015): 33: 130–142.
400
Cheetham, T. C. et al. ‘Association of testosterone replacement with cardiovascular outcomes among men with androgen deficiency.’ JAMA (2017): 177: 491–499.
401
Small, M. et al. ‘Oestradiol levels in diabetic men with and without a previous myocardial infarction.’ Q J Med (1987): 64 (243): 617–623.
402
Kirby, E. D. et al. ‘Stress increases putative gonadotropin inhibitory hormone and decreases luteinizing hormone in male rats.’ Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2009): 106: 11324–11329.
403
Volek, J. S. et al. ‘Testosterone and cortisol in relationship to dietary nutrients and resistance exercise.’ J Appl Physiol (1997): 82 (1): 49–54.
404
Wang, C. et al. ‘Low-fat high-fiber diet decreased serum and urine androgens in men.’ J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2005): 90 (5): 3550–3559.
405
Sadowski, Z. et al. ‘Effect of testosterone replacement therapy on lipids and lipoproteins in hypogonadal and elderly men.’ Atherosclerosis (1996): 121: 35–43.
406
Carruthers, M. Androgen Deficiency in the Adult Male. Taylor & Francis (2004) pp. 51–52.
407
Krieg, M. et al. ‘Effect of aging on endogenous level of 5 alpha dihydrotestosterone, testosterone, Estradiol and Estrone in epithelium and stroma of normal and hyperplastic human prostate.’ J Clin Endocrinol Metab (1993): 77 (2): 375–381.
408
Abbott, R. D. et al. ‘Serum Estradiol and risk of stroke in elderly men.’ Neurology (2007): 68 (8): 563–568.
409
Small, M. et al. ‘Oestradiol levels in diabetic men with and without a previous myocardial infarction.’ Q J Med (1987): 64 (243): 617–623. Phillips, G. B. et al. ‘The association of hypotestosteronemia with coronary artery disease in men.’ Arterioscler Thromb (1994): 14 (5): 701–706.
410
Klaiber, E. L. et al. ‘Serum estrogen levels in men with acute myocardial infarction.’ Am J Med (1982): 73 (6): 872–881.
411
Mellstrom, D. et al. ‘Older men with low serum Estradiol and high serum SHBG have an increased risk of fractures.’ J Bone Miner Res (2008): 23 (10): 1552–1560.
412
В России зарегистрирован как препарат для лечения рака молочной железы у женщин в постменопаузе. Отпускается только по рецепту врача. – Прим. науч. ред.
413
Продающиеся в России гели с прогестероном в основном (на июнь 2020 года единственное исключение – «Прожестожель») предназначены для введения во влагалище и отпускаются только по рецепту врача. – Прим. науч. ред.
414
Препараты на основе финастерида в России зарегистрированы как средства для лечения доброкачественной гиперплазии предстательной железы и отпускаются только по рецепту врача. – Прим. науч. ред.
415
По состоянию на июнь 2020 года этот препарат в России не зарегистрирован. – Прим. науч. ред.
416
Prasad, A. S. et al. ‘Zinc status and serum testosterone levels in healthy adults.’ Nutrition (1996): 12: 344–348.
417
Pokrywka, A. et al. ‘Insights into supplements with tribulus terrestris used by athletes.’ J Hum Kinet (2014): 41: 99–105.
418
Kim, C. et al. ‘Changes in visceral adiposity, subcutaneous adiposity and sex hormones in the diabetes prevention program.’ J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2017): 102: 3381–3389.
419
Volek, J. et al. ‘Testosterone and cortisol in relationship to dietary nutrients and resistance exercise.’ J Appl Physiol (1997): 82: 49–54.
420
См., например, сайт Women’s Health Initiative: www.whi.org.
421
В России гель с тестостероном зарегистрирован под названием «Андрогель», отпускается только по рецепту врача. – Прим. науч. ред.
422
В России по состоянию на июнь 2020 года «Дека-Дураболин» не зарегистрирован. Имеется препарат нандролона деканоат под названием «Ретаболил». – Прим. науч. ред.
423
По состоянию на июнь 2020 года в России не зарегистрирован. – Прим. науч. ред.
424
Frisoli, A. J. et al. ‘The effect of nandrolone decanoate on bone mineral density, muscle mass, and hemoglobin levels in elderly women with osteoporosis: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial.’ J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci (2005): 60: 648–653.
425
В России выпускается под международным непатентованным наименованием «Тестостерона пропионат». – Прим. науч. ред.
426
По состоянию на июнь 2020 года препараты тестостерона ацетата в России не зарегистрированы. – Прим. науч. ред.
427
По состоянию на июнь 2020 года препараты тестостерона ципионата в России не зарегистрированы. – Прим. науч. ред.
428
Herrera, A. Y. et al. ‘Stress-induced increases in progesterone and cortisol in naturally Cycling women.’ Neurobiol Stress (2016): 3: 96–104.
429
Dhabhar, F. S. ‘Enhancing versus Suppressive Effects of Stress on Immune Function: Implications for Immunoprotection versus Immunopathology.’ Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol (2008): 4: 2–11.
430
Hall, O. J. et al. ‘Progesterone-Based Therapy Protects Against Infl uenza by Promoting Lung Repair and Recovery in Females.’ PLoS Pathog (2016): 12: e1005840.
431
Schumacher, M. ‘Local synthesis and dual actions of progesterone in the nervous system: neuroprotection and myelin.’ Growth Horm IGF Res (2004): 14 Suppl a: S 18–33.
432
Stein, D. G. ‘Progesterone exerts neuroprotective effects after brain injury.’ Brain Res Rev (2008): 57 (2): 386–397.
433
Arbo, B. D. et al. ‘Asymmetric effects of low doses of progesterone on GABA(A) receptor α4 subunit protein expression in the olfactory bulb of female rats.’ Can J Physiol Pharmacol (2014): 92: 1–5.
434
Von Broekhoven, F. et al. ‘Neurosteroids in depression: a review.’ Psychopharmacology (2003): 165: 97–110.
435
Sitruk-Ware, R. et al. ‘Progesterone and related progestins: potential new health benefits.’ Climacteric (2013): 16 Suppl 1: 69–78.
436
Nilsen, J. et al. ‘Impact of progestins on estrogen-induced neuroprotection: synergy by progesterone and 19-norprogesterone and antagonism by medroxyprogesterone acetate.’ Endocrinology (2002): 143: 205–212. Boomsma, D. and Paoletti, J. ‘A review on the current research on the effects of progesterone.’ Int J Pharm Compd (July/August 2002): (6) 4.
437
Stein, D. G. ‘The case for progesterone.’ Ann NY Acad Sci (2005): 1052: 152–69.
438
Mauvais-Jarvis, M. et al. ‘Inhibition of testosterone conversion to dihydrotestosterone in men treated percutaneously by progesterone.’ J Clin Endocrinol Metabolism (1974): 38 (1): 142–147.
439
Oettel, M. et al. ‘Progesterone: the forgotten hormone in men?’ The Aging Male (2004): 7: 236–257.
440
Cassidenti, G. L. et al. ‘Effects of sex steroids on skin 5 alpha-reductase activity in vitro.’ Obstet Gynecol (1991): 78: 103–107.
441
Singh, M. K. et al. ‘Persistent Sexual Dysfunction and Depression in Finasteride Users for Male Pattern Hair Loss. A Serious Concern or Red Herring?’ J Clin Aesthet Derm (2014): 7: 51–55.
442
Bhasin, S. et al. ‘Testosterone therapy in adult men with androgen deficiency syndromes: An Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline.’ J Clin Endocrinol Metab (1997): 82: 407–413.
443
‘FDA In Brief: FDA warns against using SARMs in body-building products.’ Press Release FDA (31 October 2017).
444
Mof at, S. D. et al. ‘Longitudinal assessment of serum free testosterone concentration predicts memory performance and cognitive status in elderly men.’ J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2002): 87: 5001–5007.
445
Mof at, S. D. et al. ‘Free testosterone and risk for Alzheimer’s disease in older men.’ Neurology (2004): 62: 188–193.
446
Beer, T. M. et al. ‘Testosterone loss and Estradiol administration modify memory in men.’ J Urol (2006): 175: 130–135.
447
Haider, K. S. et al. ‘Long-Term Testosterone Therapy Improves Urinary and Sexual Function, and Quality of Life in Men with Hypogonadism: Results from a Propensity Matched Subgroup of a Controlled Registry Study.’ J Urol (2018): 199: 257–265.
448
‘Divorce after 50 grows more common.’ The New York Times (22 September 2013).
449
Gold, E. B. ‘The timing of the age at which natural menopause occurs.’ Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am (2011): 38: 425–440.
450
Hersh, A. L. et al. ‘National use of postmenopausal hormone therapy: annual trends and response to recent evidence.’ JAMA (2004): 291 (1): 47–53.
451
Pal, L. et al. ‘The Women’s Health Initiative: an unforgettable decade.’ Menopause (2012): 19: 597–599.
452
Hersh, A. L. et al. ‘National use of postmenopausal hormone therapy: annual trends and response to recent evidence.’ JAMA (2004): 291 (1): 47–53d.
453
Sarrel, P. M. et al. ‘The mortality toll of oestrogen avoidance: an analysis of excessive deaths among hysterectomized women aged 50 to 59 years.’ Am J Public Health (2013): 103: 1583–1588.
454
Barrett-Connor, E. ‘Sex dif erences in coronary heart disease. Why are women so superior?’ The 1995 Ancel Keys Lecture. Circulation (1997): 95: 252–264.
455
Wellons, M. ‘Early menopause associated with increased risk of heart disease, stroke.’ John Hopkins Medicine (2012).
456
Campos, H. et al. ‘Effect of oestrogen on very low-dose density lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein subclass metabolism in postmenopausal women.’ J Clin Endocrinol Metab (1997): 82 (12): 3955–3963.
457
Mendelsohn, M. E. and Karas, R. H. ‘The protective effects of oestrogen on the cardiovascular system.’ N Engl J Med (1990): 340: 1111–1801.
458
Barrett-Connor, E. ‘Sex dif erences in coronary heart disease. Why are women so superior? The 1995 Ancel keys lecture.’ Circulation (1997): 95: 252–264.
459
Grodstein, F. et al. ‘Postmenopausal estrogen and progestin use and the risk of cardiovascular disease.’ N Engl J Med (1996): 335 (7): 453–461.
460
Blakely, J. A. ‘The Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study Revisited. Hormone Replacement Therapy Produced Net Harm, Consistent With the Observational Data.’ JAMA (2000): 160: 2897–2900.
461
‘Hormone Replacement Study A Shock to the Medical System’, The New York Times (10 July 2002). URL: http://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/10/us/hormone-replacement-study-a-shock-to-the-medical-system.html?pagewanted=all.
462
Grodstein, F. et al. ‘Postmenopausal hormone therapy and mortality.’ N Engl J Med (1997): 336: 1769–1776.
463
Rossouw, E. et al. ‘Lessons learned from the Women’s Health Initiative trials of meno-pausal hormone therapy.’ Obstet Gynecol (2003): 121: 172–176. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC 3547645/.
464
Anderson, G. L. et al. ‘Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the Women’s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial.’ JAMA (2004): 291: 1701–1712.
465
Rossouw, J. et al. ‘Writing group for the Women’s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial.’ JAMA (2002): 288: 321–333.
466
http://www.icis.com/resources/news/2002/07/17/177264/wyeth-shares-fall-11-to-new-low-on-hormone-drug-fears/.
467
Sarrel, P. M. et al. ‘The mortality toll of oestrogen avoidance: an analysis of excessive deaths among hysterectomized women aged 50 to 59 years.’ Am J Public Health(2013): 103: 1583–1588.
468
Schierbeck, L. L. et al. ‘Effect of hormone replacement therapy on cardiovascular events in recently post-menopausal women: randomised trial’. BMJ (2012): 345: e6409.
469
Sarrel, P. M. et al. ‘The mortality toll of oestrogen avoidance: an analysis of excessive deaths among hysterectomized women aged 50 to 59 years.’ Am J Public Health (2013): 103: 1583–1588.
470
Renoux, C. et al. ‘Transdermal and oral hormone replacement therapy and the risk of stroke: a nested case-control study.’ BMJ (2010): 340: c2519.
471
Rossouw, J. et al. ‘Writing group for the Women’s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial.’ JAMA (2002): 288: 321–333.
472
Schierbeck, L. L. et al. ‘Effect of hormone replacement therapy on cardiovascular events in recently post-menopausal women: randomised trial’. BMJ (2012): 345: e6409.
473
Fournier, A. et al. ‘Risks of endometrial cancer associated with different hormone replace-ment therapies in the E 3N Cohort, 1992–2008.’ Am J Epidemiol Advance Access (2014): 10: 1093.
474
‘The effects of estrogen or estrogen/progestin regimens on heart attack risk factors in post menopausal women. The Postmenopausal oestrogen Progesterone trial (PEPI trial).’ JAMA (1995): 273: 199–208. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7807658. Moyer, D. L. et al. ‘Micronized progesterone regulation of the endometrial glandular cycling pool.’ Int J Gynecol Pathol (2001): 20: 374–379.
475
Fournier, A. et al. ‘Unequal risks for breast cancer associated with different hormonal replacement therapies: results from the E 3N cohort study.’ Breast Cancer Res Treat (2008): 107: 103–111.
476
Asi, N. et al. ‘Progesterone vs synthetic progestins and the risk of breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.’ Syst Rev (2016): 5: 121.
477
‘The effects of estrogen or estrogen/progestin regimens on heart attack risk factors in post menopausal women. The Postmenopausal oestrogen Progesterone trial (PEPI trial).’ JAMA (1995): 273: 199–208. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7807658.
478
Diep, C. H. et al. ‘Progesterone action in breast, uterine, and ovarian cancers.’ J Mol Endocrinol (2015): 54: R 31–R 53.
479
‘Cancer incidence for common cancers.’ Cancer Research UK. http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/incidence/common-cancers-compared#heading-Two.
480
Rinninger, F. et al. ‘Lipoprotein lipase mediates an increase in the selective uptake of high density lipoprotein-associated cholesteryl esters by hepatic cells in culture.’ J Lipid Res (1998): 39 (7): 1335–1348.
481
Price, T. M. et al. ‘Oestrogen regulation of adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase – possible mechanism of body fat distribution.’ Am J Obstet Gynecol (1998): 178: 101–107.
482
Sumino, H. et al. ‘Effects of hormone replacement therapy on weight, abdominal fat distribution and lipid levels in Japanese postmenopausal women.’ Int J Obes (2003): 1044–1051.
483
Jensen, L. B. et al. ‘Hormone replacement therapy dissociates fat mass and bone mass and tends to reduce weight gain in early menopausal women: A randomized prevention study.’ J Bone Miner Res (2003): Vol. 18: 333–342.
484
Sadur, C. N. et al. ‘Insulin stimulation of adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase. Use of the euglycaemic clamp technique.’ J Clin Invest (1982): 69: 1119–1125.
485
Howard, B. V. et al. ‘Insulin resistance and weight gain in post-menopausal women of diverse ethnic groups.’ Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord (2004): 28: 1039–1047.
486
Maybin, J. A. et al. ‘Menstrual physiology: implications for endometrial pathology and beyond.’ Human Reprod (2015): 21: 748–761.
487
Maybin, J. A. et al. ‘Medical management of heavy menstrual bleeding.’ Women’s Health (Long) (2016): 12: 27–34.
488
Smith, S. S. et al. ‘Progesterone alters GABA and glutamate responsiveness: a possible mechanism for its anxiolytic action.’ Brain Res (1987): 400: 353–359.
489
Wang, M. ‘Neurosteroids and GABA-A Receptor Function.’ Front Endocrin (2011): 2: 44.
490
Luine, V. N. et al. ‘Gonadal hormone regulation of MAO and other enzymes in hypo-thalamic areas.’ Neuroendocrinology (1983): 36 (3): 235–241.
491
Cassidenti, D. L. et al. ‘Effects of sex steroids on skin 5 alpha-reductase activity in vitro.’ Obstet Gynecol (1991): 78: 103–107.
492
Payne, A. H. et al. ‘Overview of steroidogenic enzymes in the pathway from cholesterol to active steroid hormones.’ Endocr Rev (2004): 25 (6): 947–970.
493
Skobelov, E. M., Spivey, W. H. et al. ‘The effect of the menstrual cycle on asthma pre sentations in the emergency department.’ Ann Intern Med (1996): 156: 1837–1840.
494
Hanley, S. P. ‘Asthma variation with menstruation.’ Br J Dis Chest (1981): 75: 306–308.
495
Barr, R. G., Wentowski, C. C. et al, ‘Prospective study of postmenopausal hormone use and newly diagnosed asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.’ Arch Intern Med (2004): 164 (4): 379–386.
496
Foster, P. S., Goldie, R. G., Paterson, J. W. ‘Effect of steroids on β-adrenoceptor-mediated relaxation of pig bronchus.’ Br J Pharmacol (1983): 78: 441–445.
497
Kos-Kudla, B. et al. ‘Effects of hormone replacement therapy on endocrine and spiro-metric parameters in asthmatic postmenopausal women.’ Gynecol Endocrinol(2001): 15: 304–311.
498
Barr, R. G., Wentowski, C. C. et al, ‘Prospective study of postmenopausal hormone use and newly diagnosed asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.’ Arch Intern Med (2004): 164 (4): 379–386.
499
Miyaura, H. ‘Direct and indirect inhibition of Th1 development by progesterone and glucocorticoids.’ J Immunol (2002): 168: 1087–1094. Hughes, G. C. ‘Progesterone and autoimmune disease.’ Autoimmun Rev (2012): 11: A502–514.
500
Sammaritano, L. R. ‘Menopause in patients with autoimmune diseases.’ Autoimmun Rev (2012): 11: A430–436.
501
Schulze-Koops, H. ‘The balance of Th1/Th2 cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis.’ Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol (2001): 15: 677–691.
502
Herrera, A. Y. et al. ‘Stress-induced increases in progesterone and cortisol in naturally cycling women.’ Neurobiol Stress (2016): 3: 96–104.
503
http://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/prior-stress-could-worsen-premenstrual-symptoms-nih-study-finds.
504
Roca, C. A. et al. ‘Differential menstrual cycle regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in women with premenstrual syndrome and controls.’ J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2003): 88: 3057–3063.
505
Zimmerman, Y. et al. ‘The effect of combined oral contraception on testosterone in healthy women: a systematic review and meta-analysis.’ Hum Reprod Update (2014): 20: 76–105.
506
Persky, H. et al. ‘Plasma testosterone level and sexual behaviour of couples.’ Arch Sex Behav (1978): 7: 157–173.
507
Goldstat, R. et al. ‘Transdermal testosterone therapy improves well-being, mood and sexual function in premenopausal women.’ Menopause (2003): 10: 390–398.
508
Tun, A., Khan, I. A. ‘Acute myocardial infarction with angiographically normal coro-nary arteries.’ Heart Lung (2000): 29: 348–350. Levit, R. D. et al. ‘Cardiovascular disease in young women: a population at risk.’ Cardiol Rev (2011): 19: 60–65.
509
Yang S. et al. ‘Estrogen increases eNOS and NOx release in human coronary artery endothelium.’ J Cardiovasc Pharmacol (2000): 36: 242–247.
510
‘The effects of estrogen or estrogen/progestin regimens on heart attack risk factors in post menopausal women. The Postmenopausal oestrogen Progesterone trial (PEPI trial).’ JAMA (1995): 273: 199–208. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7807658.
511
Golden, S. H. et al. ‘Endogenous postmenopausal hormones and carotid atherosclero-sis: a case-control study of the atherosclerosis risk in communities cohort.’ Am J Epidemiol (2002): 155: 437–445.
512
Miller, K. K. et al. ‘Low-dose transdermal testosterone augmentation therapy improves depression severity in women.’ CNS Spectr (2009): 14: 688–694.
513
Goldstat, R. et al. ‘Transdermal testosterone therapy improves well-being, mood and sexual function in premenopausal women.’ Menopause (2003): 10: 390–398.
514
Miller, K. K. et al. ‘Androgen deficiency: association with increased anxiety and depres-sion symptom severity in anorexia nervosa.’ J Clin Psychiatry (2007): 68: 959–965.
515
Hermans, E. J. et al. ‘A single administration of testosterone reduces fear-potentiated startle in humans.’ J Biol Psychiatry (2006): 59: 872–874.
516
Moffat, S. D. et al. ‘Free testosterone and risk for Alzheimer’s disease in older men.’ Neurology (2004): 62: 188–193.
517
Wisniewski, A. B. et al. ‘Evaluation of high dose oestrogen and high dose oestrogen plus methyl-testosterone treatment on cognitive task performance in postmenopausal women.’ Horm Res (2002): 58: 150–155.
518
Naing, S. et al. ‘Hypogonadism in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.’ Curr Opin Pulm Med (2012): 18: 112–117.
519
Booji, A. et al. ‘Androgens as adjuvant treatment in postmenopausal female patients with rheumatoid arthritis.’ Ann Rheum Dis (1996): 55: 811–815.
520
Naoko, K. et al. ‘Testosterone suppresses anti-DNA antibody production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.’ Arthritis Rheum (1997): 40: 1703–1711.
521
Pope, Jr, H. G., et al. ‘Effects of supraphysiologic doses of testosterone on mood and aggression in normal men: a randomized controlled trial.’ Arch Gen Psychiatry (2000): 57 (2): 133–140.
522
Santora, L. J. et al. ‘Coronary calcification in bodybuilders using anabolic steroids.’ Prev Cardiol (2006): 9 (4): 198–201.
523
Copley, L. M. et al. ‘Consequences of use of anabolic androgenic steroids.’ Pediatr Clin North Am (2007): 54 (4): 677–690.
524
Sample, B. R. ‘Psychiatric effects and psychoactive substance use in anabolic-andro-genic steroid users.’ Clin J Sport Med (1996): 5 (1): 25–31.
525
Yofkova, I. et al. ‘A decreasing CD 4+/CD 8+ ratio after one month of treatment with Stanozolol in postmenopausal women.’ Steroids (1995): 60: 430–433.
526
Montgomery-Massingberd, H. ‘The Duchess’. The Spectator Archive, (29 September 1978), p. 22.
527
‘Physicians to Stop Injecting Silicone for Cosmetic Treatment of Wrinkles’. Food and Drug Administration press release (1992).
528
Kontis, T. C. et al. ‘The History of Injectable Facial Fillers.’ Facial Plast Surg (2009): 25: 67–72.
529
Greco, R. M. et al. ‘Hyaluronic Acid Stimulates Human Fibroblast Proliferation Within a Collagen Matrix.’ J Cell Physiol (1998): 177: 465–473.
530
Ke, C. et al. ‘Antioxidant Activity of Low Molecular Weight Hyaluronic Acid.’ Food Chem Toxicol (2011): 49: 2670–2675.
531
Chen, W. Y. and Abatangelo, G. ‘Functions of Hyaluronan in Wound Repair.’ Wound Repair Regen (1999): 7 (2): 79–89.
532
Cancer Research UK. URL: http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-profes-sional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/skin-cancer#heading-Zero.
533
Armstrong, B. K. et al. ‘Case-control Study of Sun Exposure and Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Skin.’ Int J Cancer (1998): 77: 347–353.
534
‘Global, Regional and National Life Expectancy, All-cause Mortality, and Cause-specific Mortality for 249 Causes of Death, 1980–2015: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.’ The Lancet (2016): 388: 1459–1544.
535
Johnston, H. ‘Reduction of Stratospheric Ozone by Nitrogen Oxide Catalysts from Supersonic Transport Exhaust.’ Science (6 August 1971): 173 (3996): 517–522. Molina, M. J., Rowland, F. S. ‘Stratospheric Sink for Chlorofluoromethanes: Chlorine Atom-catalysed Destruction of Ozone.’ Nature (1974): 249: 810–812.
536
‘Ozone and UV: Where Are We Now.’ Skin Cancer Foundation: 27 July 2009: http://www.skincancer.org/prevention/uva-and-uvb/ozone.
537
Godar, D. et al. ‘Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma Incidences Analyzed Worldwide by Sex, Age and Skin Type Over Personal Ultraviolet-B Dose Shows No Role for Sunburn but Implies One for Vitamin D 3.’ Dermato-Endocrinology (2017): Vol. 9, № 1: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19381980.2016.1267077.
538
Brash, D. et al. ‘A Role for Sunlight in Skin Cancer: UV–Induced P-53 Mutations in Squamous Cell Carcinoma.’ Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (1991): 88: 10124–10128.
539
Brash, D. E. ‘UV Signature Mutations.’ Photochem Photo-Biol: (2015): 91: 15–26: PMID:25354245: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1111/php.12377.
540
Cooke, M. S. et al. ‘Oxidative DNA Damage: Mechanisms, Mutation and Disease.’ FASEB J (2003): 17 (10): 1195–1214: PMID:12832285: http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fj.02–0752rev.
541
Lucas, A. et al. ‘Increased UVA Exposures and Decreased Cutaneous Vitamin D 3 Levels may be Responsible for the Increasing Incidence of Melanoma.’ Medical Hypotheses (2009): 72: 434–443.
542
Nair, R. et al. ‘Vitamin D: the ‘Sunshine’ Vitamin.’ J Pharmacol Pharmacother (2012): 3: 118–26.
543
Von Essen, M. R. et al. ‘Vitamin D Controls T-cell Antigen Receptor Signaling and Activation of Human T-cells.’ Nat Immunol (2010): 11: 344–349: PMID:20208539: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ni.1851.
544
Alshishtawy, M. M. ‘Vitamin D Deficiency. A Clandestine Endemic Disease is Veiled No More.’ SQUMJ (2012): 140–152.
545
Lucas, A. et al. ‘Increased UVA Exposures and Decreased Cutaneous Vitamin D 3 Levels may be Responsible for the Increasing Incidence of Melanoma.’ Medical Hypotheses (2009): 72: 434–443.
546
Daya-Grosjean, L. ‘Xeroderma Pigmentosum and Skin Cancer.’ Adv Exp Med Biol (2008): 637: 19–27.
547
Leibeling, D. et al. ‘Nucleotide Excision Repair and Cancer.’ J Mol Histol (2006): 37 (5–7): 225–238.
548
Weber, S. ‘Light-Driven Enzymatic Catalysis of DNA Repair: A Review of Recent Biophysical Studies on Photolyase.’ BBA (2005): Vol. 1707: 1–23.
549
Milani, M. et al. ‘Ei cacy of a Photolyase-Based Device in the Treatment of Cancerization Field in Patients with Actinic Keratosis and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer.’ G Ital Dermatol Venereol (2013): 148: 693–698.
550
Rudolph, C. M. et al. ‘Squamous Epithelial Carcinoma in Erythema Ab Igne.’ Hautarzt (2000): 51: 260–263.
551
Kligman, L. ‘Intensification of Ultraviolet-Induced Dermal Damage by Infrared Radiation.’ Arch Dermatol Res (1982): 272: 229–238.
552
Schroeder, P. et al. ‘Infrared Radiation-Induced Matrix Metalloproteinase in Human Skin: Implications for Protection.’ J Invest Dermatol (2008): 2491–2497. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18449210.
553
Vierkotter, A. et al. ‘MMP-1 and 3-Promoter Variants are Indicative of a Common Susceptibility for Skin and Lung Aging: Results from a Cohort of Elderly Women (SALIA).’ J Invest Dermatol (2015): 135: 1268–1274.
554
Farmer, P. B. et al. ‘Molecular Epidemiology Studies of Environmental Pollutants. Effects of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Environmental Pollution on Exogenous and Oxidative DNA Damage.’ Mutat Res (2003): 544: 397–402.
555
Huls, A. et al. ‘Trai c-Related Air Pollution Contributes to Development of Facial Lentigines: Further Epidemiological Evidence from Caucasians and Asians.’ J of Invest Dermatol (2016): 136: 1053–1056.
556
Manning, W. J. et al. ‘Ozone and Levels in European and USA Cities are Increasing More Than at Rural Sites, While Peak Values are Decreasing.’ Environ Pollut (2014): 192: 295–299.
557
Valacchi, G. et al. ‘Vitamin C Compound Mixtures Prevent Ozone-Induced Oxidative Damage in Human Keratinocytes as Initial Assessment of Pollution Protection.’ PLoS ONE (2015).
558
Lai, D. et al. ‘Localization of HPV-18 E 2 at Mitochondrial Membranes Induces ROS Release and Modulates Host Cell Metabolism.’ PLoS One (2013): 8 (9): e75625. eCollection 2013: PMID:24086592: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0075625.
559
Prabhu, S. R. and Wilson, D. ‘Evidence of Epstein-Barr Virus Associated with Head and Neck Cancers: A Review.’ J Can Dent Assoc (2016): 82: g2: http://www.jcda.ca/g2.
560
Parkin, D. M. ‘The Global Health Burden of Infection-associated Cancers in the Year 2002.’ Int J Cancer (2006): 118 (12): 3030–3044.
561
Dreau, D. et al. ‘Human Papillomavirus in Melanoma Biopsy Specimens and Its Relation to Melanoma Progression.’ Ann Surg (2000): 231 (5): 664–671.
562
Godar, D. et al. ‘Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma Incidences Analyzed Worldwide by Sex, Age and Skin Type Over Personal Ultraviolet-B Dose Shows No Role for Sunburn but Implies One for Vitamin D 3.’ Dermato-Endocrinology (2017): Vol. 9, № 1: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19381980.2016.1267077.
563
Wertz, P. W. ‘Lipids and Barrier Function of the Skin.’ Acta Derm Venereol (2000): 208: 7–11.
564
Jackson, M. J. et al. ‘UVR-Induced Oxidative Stress in Human Skin in vivo: Efects of Oral Vitamin C Supplementation.’ Free Radic Biol Med (2002): 33: 1355–1362.
565
Telang, P. S. ‘Vitamin C in Dermatology.’ Indian Dermatol Online (2013): 4: 143–146.
566
Placzek, M. et al. ‘Ultraviolet B-Induced DNA Damage in Human Epidermis is Modified by the Antioxidants Ascorbic Acid and D-alpha-tocopherol.’ J Invest Dermatol (2005): 124: 304–307.
567
Pinnell, S. R. et al. ‘Topical L-ascorbic Acid: Percutaneous Absorption Studies.’ Dermatol Surg (2001): 27: 137–142.
568
Pinnell, S. R. et al. ‘UV Photoprotection by Combination Topical Antioxidants Vitamin C and Vitamin E.’ J Am Acad Dermatol (2003): 48: 866–874.
569
Pinnell, S. R. et al. ‘Protective Effects of a Topical Antioxidant Mixture Containing Vitamin C, Ferulic Acid and Phloretin Against Ultraviolet-Induced Photodamage in Human Skin’. J Cosmet Dermatol (2008): 7: 290–297.
570
Pinnell, S. R. et al. ‘A Topical Antioxidant Solution Containing Vitamins C and E Stabilized by Ferulic Acid Provides Protection for Human Skin Against Damage Caused by Ultraviolet Irradiation.’ J Am Acad Dermatol (2008): 59: 418–425.
571
Kligman, L. ‘Intensification of Ultraviolet-Induced Dermal Damage by Infrared Radiation.’ Arch Dermatol Res (1982): 272: 229–238.
572
Pinnell, S. R. et al. ‘Topical Vitamin C Protects Porcine Skin from Ultraviolet Radiation-Induced Damage.’ Br J Dermatol (1992): 127: 247–253.
573
Pinnell, S. R. et al. ‘Effects of Ascorbic Acid on Proliferation and Collagen Synthesis in Relation to the Donor Age of Human Dermal Fibroblasts.’ J Invest Dermatol (1994): 103: 228–232.
574
Han, B. et al. ‘Transdermal Delivery of Amino Acids and Antioxidants Enhance Collagen Synthesis: In Vivo and In Vitro Studies.’ Connect Tissue Res (2005): 46: 251–257.
575
Thomas, S. et al. ‘Stability, Cutaneous Delivery and Antioxidant Potential of a Lipoic Acid and Alpha-Tocopherol codrug Incorporated in Microemulsions.’ J Pharm Sci (2014): 103: 2530–2538.
576
Beitner, H. ‘Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double Blind Study on the Clinical Ei cacy of a Cream Containing 5 % Alpha-Lipoic Acid Related to Photoageing of Facial Skin.’ Br J Dermatol (2003): 149: 841–849.
577
Ahmed, N. et al. ‘The Grape Antioxidant Resveratrol for Skin Disorders: Promise, Prospects and Challenges.’ Arch Biochem Biophys (2011): 508: 164–170.
578
Kligman, A. M. et al. ‘Topical Vitamin A Acid in Acne Vulgaris.’ Arch Dermatol (1969): 469–476.
579
Meyskens, F. L. et al. ‘A Phase-1 Trial of All-Trans-Retinoic Acid Delivered Via a Collagen Sponge and Cervical Cap for Mild or Moderate Intraepithelial Neoplasia.’ J Natl Cancer Inst (1983): 71: 921–925.
580
Kligman, L. H. and Kligman, A. M. ‘Histogenesis and Progression of Ultraviolet Light-Induced Tumours in Hairless Mice.’ J Natl Cancer Inst (1981): 67: 1289–1297.
581
Kligman, L. H. and Kligman, A. M. ‘Topical Retinoic Acid Enhances Repair of Ultraviolet-Damaged Dermal Connective Tissue.’ Connect Tissue Res (1984): 12: 139–150.
582
Kligman, A. M. et al. ‘Topical Tretinoin for Photoaged Skin.’ J Am Acad Dermatol (1986): 15: 836–859.
583
Kligman, A. M. et al. ‘Effects of Topical Tretinoin on Non-Sun-Exposed Protected Skin of the Elderly.’ J Am Acad Dermatol (1993): 29 (1): 25–33.
584
Kligman, A. M. et al. ‘Salicylic Acid Peels for the Treatment of Photoaging.’ Dermatol Surg (1998): 24: 325–328.
585
Hara, T. et al. ‘Platelet-Rich-Plasma Stimulates Human Dermal Fibroblast Proliferation via a Ras-Dependant Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase ½ Pathway.’ J Artif Organs (2016): 19: 372–377.
586
Brincat, M. P. ‘Review: Hormone Replacement Therapy and the Skin’. Maturitas (2000): 35: 107–117.
587
Damour, O. et al. ‘Improvement of Skin Quality After Fat Grafting: Clinical Observation and an Animal Study.’ Plast Reconstr Surg (2009): 124: 765–774.
588
Edward, W. et al. ‘The Stromal Vascular Fraction of Autologous Fat Graft Induces Proliferation of Epithelial Progenitor Cells in Healthy and Cancer-Containing Breast Tissue In Vitro.’ Plast Reconstr Surg (2014): 134: 51–52.
589
Jiang, A. et al. ‘Improvement of the Survival of Human Autologous Fat Transplantation by Adipose-Derived Stem-Cells-Assisted Lipotransfer Combined with bFGF.’ Scientific World Journal (2015): 968057.
590
Kuo, T. et al. ‘Collagen Thermal Damage and Collagen Synthesis After Cutaneous Laser Resurfacing.’ Lasers Surg Med (1998): 23: 66–71.
591
Schomaker, K. T. et al. ‘Thermal Damage Produced by High Irradiance Continuous Wave CO2 Laser-Cutting of Tissue.’ Lasers Surg Med (1990): 10: 74–84.
592
Kligman, L. H. ‘Photoaging. Manifestations, Prevention and Treatment.’ Clin Geriatr Med (1989): 51: 235–251.
593
Ogawa, R. et al. ‘Nd: YAG Laser Treatment of Keloids and Hypertrophic Scars.’ Eplasty (2012): 12: e1.
594
Ye, X. et al. ‘Investigation of the 1064 Q-Switched Nd: YAG Laser on Collagen Expression in an Animal Model.’ Photomed Laser Surg (2012): 30: 604–609.
595
Schroeder, P. et al. ‘Infrared Radiation-Induced Matrix Metalloproteinase in Human Skin: Implications for Protection.’ J Invest Dermatol (2008): 2491–2497. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18449210.
596
Guzey, M. et al. ‘Increase of Free Oxygen Radicals in Aqueous Humour Induced by Selective Nd: YAG Laser Trabeculoplasty in the Rabbit’. Eur J Opthal (2001): 11: 47–52.
597
Sorg, O. et al. ‘Effect of Intensed Pulsed Light on Lipid Peroxidises and Thymine Dimers.’ Arch Dermatol (2007): 143: 363–366.
598
Elias, P. M. et al. ‘The Aged Epidermal Permeability Barrier: Basis for Functional Abnormalities.’ Clin Geriatr Med (2002): 18: 103–120.
599
Pinnell, S. R. et al. ‘Topical Vitamin C Protects Porcine Skin from Ultraviolet Radiation-Induced Damage.’ Br J Dermatol (1992): 127: 247–253.
600
Elford, E. L. et al. ‘Treatment of Photoaged Skin Using Fractional Nonablative Laser in Combination with Topical Antioxidants.’ URL:.
601
Fazel, S. et al. ‘Long-term Outcomes Associated with Traumatic Brain Injury in Childhood and Adolescence: A Nationwide Swedish Cohort Study of a Wide Range of Medical and Social Outcomes.’ PLOS Medicine (2016): http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002103.
602
Guskiewicz, K. M. et al. ‘Recurrent Concussion and Risk of Depression in Retired Professional Football Players.’ Med Sci Sports Exerc (June 2007): 39 (6): 903–909.
603
Mez, J. et al. ‘Clinicopathological Evaluation of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Players of American Football.’ JAMA (2017): 318: 360–370.
604
См., например: www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-41356137.
605
Ryan, A. J. ‘Intracranial Injuries Resulting from Boxing.’ Clin Sports Med (January 1998): 17 (1): 155–168.
606
Jordan, B. D. et al. ‘Apolipoprotein E Epsilon4 Associated with Chronic Traumatic Brain Injury in Boxing.’ JAMA (1997): 278: 136–140.
607
Zhou, W. et al. ‘Meta-analysis of APOE 4 and Outcome After Traumatic Brain Injury.’ J Neurotrauma (2008): 25: 279–290.
608
См., например: ‘Brain Trauma Extends to the Soccer Field’ by John Branch. The New York Times (26 February 2014).
609
McKee, A. C. et al. ‘TDP-43 Proteinopathy and Motor Neurone Disease in Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy.’ J Neuropathol Exp Neurol (2010): 69 (9): 918–929.
610
Pascual-Leone, A. ‘The Plastic Human Brain Cortex.’ Ann Rev Neurosci (2005): 28: 377–401.
611
Merzenich, M. M. et al. ‘Somatosensory Cortical Map Changes Following Digit Amputation in Adult Monkeys.’ J Comp Neurol (1984): 224 (4): 591–605.
612
Maguire, E. A. et al. ‘London Taxi Drivers and Bus Drivers: A Structural MRI and Neuropsychological Analysis.’ Hippocampus (2006): 16: 1091–1101.
613
Draganski, B. et al. ‘Temporal and Spatial Dynamics of Brain Structure Changes during Extensive Learning.’ J Neurosci (7 June 2006): 26 (23): 6314–6317.
614
Gaser, C. et al. ‘Brain Structures Dif er Between Musicians and Non-musicians.’ J Neurosci (2003): 23: 9240–9245.
615
Mechelli, A. et al. ‘Neurolinguistics: Structural Plasticity in the Bilingual Brain.’ Nature (2004): 431: 757.
616
Draganski, B. et al. ‘Neuroplasticity: Changes in Grey Matter Induced by Training.’ Nature (2004): 427: 311–312.
617
Boyke, J. et al. ‘Training-induced Brain Structure Changes in the Elderly.’ J Neurosci (2008): 28: 7031–7035.
618
Hara, Y. ‘Brain Plasticity and Rehabilitation in Stroke Victims.’ J Nippon Med Sch (2015): 82: 4–13.
619
Boldrini, M. et al. ‘Human hippocampal neurogenesis persists throughout aging.’ Cell Stem Cell (2018): 22: 589–599.
620
Weir, K. ‘The Lasting Impact of Neglect.’ American Psychological Association (2014): 45 (6): 36.
621
‘An 80-Year-Old Model Reshapes China’s Views on Aging’. The New York Times (3 November 2016).
622
Bhullar, N. et al. ‘Dispositional Gratitude Mediates the Relationship Between a Past-Positive Temporal Frame and Well-being.’ Science Direct (2015): 76: 52–55.
623
Mang, C. S. ‘Promoting Neuroplasticity for Motor Rehabilitation After Stroke: Considering the Effects of Aerobic Exercise and Genetic Variation on Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor.’ Phys Ther (2013): 93: 1707–1716.
624
Larson, E. B. et al. ‘Exercise is Associated with Reduced Risk for Incident Dementia Among Persons 65 Years of Age or Older.’ Ann Intern Med (2006): 144: 73–81.
625
Seinfeld, S. et al. ‘Effects of Music Learning and Piano Practice on Cognitive Function, Mood and Quality of Life in Older Adults.’ Front Psychol (2013): 4: 810.
626
Sherrington, C. et al. ‘Effective Exercise for the Prevention of Falls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.’ J Am Geriatr Soc (2008): 56: 2234–2243.
627
Alladi, S. et al. ‘Bilingualism Delays Age at Onset of Dementia, Independent of Education and Immigration Status.’ Neurology (2013).
628
Kattenstroth, J.-C. et al. ‘Superior Sensory, Motor and Cognitive Performance in Elderly Individuals with Multi-year Dancing Activities.’ Front Aging Neurosci (21 July 2010).
629
Chollet, F. et al. ‘Fluoxetine for Motor Recovery After Acute Ischaemic Stroke (FLAME): A Randomised Placebo-controlled Trial.’ Lancet Neurol (2011): 10: 123–130.
630
Hen, R. et al. ‘Chronic Fluoxetine Stimulates Maturation and Synaptic Plasticity of Adult-born Hippocampal Granule Cells.’ J Neurosci (2008): 1374–1384.
631
Mao, Q. Q. et al. ‘Long-term Treatment with Peony-glycosides Reverses Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress-induced Depressive-like Behaviour via Increasing Expression of Neurotrophins in Rat Brain.’ Behav Brain Res (2010): 210: 171–177.
632
‘Virtual Reality for Stroke Rehabilitation.’ Cochrane (February 2015):.
633
Swaab, D. et al. ‘Elevated Cortisol in Rats Induces Neuronal Damage.’ Ageing Res Rev (2005): 4 (2): 141–194.
634
Chetty, S. et al. ‘Stress and Glucocorticoids Promote Oligodendrogenesis in the Adult Hippocampus.’ Mol Psychiatry (2014): 19: 1275–1283.
635
Lupien, S. et al. ‘The Douglas Hospital Longitudinal Study of Normal and Pathological Aging.’ J Psychiatry Neurosci (2005): 30: 328–334.
636
Steptoe, A. et al. ‘Depression and Elevated Cortisol.’ Am J Epidemiol (2008): 167 (1): 96–102.
637
Flint, M. S. et al. ‘Induction of DNA Damage, Alteration of DNA Repair and Transcriptional Activation by Stress Hormones.’ Psychoneuroendocrinology (2007): 32 (5): 470–479.
638
Thaker, P. H. et al. ‘Chronic Stress Promotes Tumor Growth and Angiogenesis in a Mouse Model of Ovarian Carcinoma.’ Nat Med (2006): 12: 939–944.
639
Goldstein DS. ‘Review: Catecholamines and Stress.’ Endocr Regul (June 2003): 37 (2): 69–80.
640
Lu, T. et al. ‘Gene Regulation and DNA Damage in the Ageing Human Brain.’ Nature (24 June 2004): 429 (6994): 883–891.
641
Russ, T. C. ‘Association Between Psychological Distress and Mortality: Individual Participant Pooled Analysis of 10 Prospective Cohort Studies.’ BMJ (2012): 345.
642
Gu, X. et al. ‘Anterior Insula Cortex and Emotional Awareness.’ J Comp Neurol (2013): 521: 3371–388.
643
Haase, L. et al. ‘Mindfulness-based Training Attenuates Insula Response to an Aversive Interoceptive Challenge.’ Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci (2016): 11: 182–190.
644
Lazer, S. W. et al. ‘Meditation Experience is Associated with Increased Cortical Thickness.’ Neuroreport (2005): 16: 1893–1897.
645
См., например: http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2011/01/eight-weeks-to-a-better-brain/.
646
Epel, E. et al. ‘Can Meditation Slow Rate of Cell Ageing? Cognitive Stress, Mindfulness and Telomeres.’ Ann N Y Acad Sci (2009): 1172.
647
Babiloni, C. et al. ‘Resting State Cortical Rhythms in Athletes. A High-resolution EEG Study.’ Brain Res Bull (2010): 81: 149–156.
648
Babiloni, C. et al. ‘Intra-hemispheric Functional Coupling of Alpha Rhythms is Related to a Golfer’s Performance: A Coherence EEG Study.’ Int J Psychophysiol (2011): 82: 260–268.
649
Moore, N. ‘A Review of EEG Biofeedback Treatment of Anxiety Disorders.’ Clin EEG Neurosci (2000): 31: 1–6.
650
Lustenberger, C. et al. ‘Functional Role of Frontal Alpha Oscillations in Creativity.’ Cortex (2015): 67: 74–82.
651
Warmsley, E. et al. ‘Memory, Sleep and Dreaming: Experiencing Consolidation.’ Sleep Med Clin (2011): 6: 97–108.
652
См., например: ‘David Blaine Braves Brain Damage to Challenge World Record for Staying Awake’ by Richard Simpson. Mail Online (5 December 2007).
653
Schenkein, J. et al. ‘Self-management of Fatal Familial Insomnia. Part 1: What is FFI?’ MedGenMed (2006): 8: 65.
654
Ohayon, M. et al. ‘National Sleep Foundation’s Sleep Quality Recommendations: First Report.’ Sleep Health (2017): Vol 3, Issue 1: 6–19.
655
Moore, D. ‘Eyes Wide Open: Americans, Sleep and Stress’ (12 February 2002). http://www.gallup.com/poll/5314/eyes-wide-open-americans-sleep-stress.aspx.
656
Williamson, A. M. et al. ‘Moderate Sleep Deprivation Produces Impairments in Cognitive and Motor-performance Equivalent to Legally Prescribed Levels of Alcohol Intoxication.’ Occup Environ Med (2000): 57: 649–655.
657
Nagai, M. et al. ‘Sleep Duration as a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease – A Review of the Recent Literature.’ Curr Cardiol Review (2010): 6: 54–61.
658
См., например: https://www.worldhealth.net/news/sleep-apnea-wreaks-havoc-your-metabolism/.
659
Verkasalo, P. K. et al ‘Sleep Duration and Breast Cancer: A Prospective Cohort Study’. Cancer Res (2005): 65: 9595–9600. Mullington, J. et al. ‘Sleep Loss and Infl ammation.’ Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab (2010): 24 (5): 775–784.
660
Scullin, M. et al. ‘Sleep Cognition and Normal Aging: Integrating a Half-century of Multidisciplinary Research.’ Sage Journals (2015). http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1745691614556680.
661
Xie, L. et al. ‘Sleep Drives Metabolite Clearance from the Adult Brain.’ Science (2013): 342: 373–377.
662
Boyce, R. et al. ‘Causal Evidence for the Role of REM Sleep Theta Rhythm in Contextual Memory Consolidation.’ Science (2016): 352: 812–816.
663
Eugene, A. R. ‘The Neuroprotective Aspects of Sleep.’ MEDtube Sci (2015): 3: 35–40.
664
Chrousos, G. P. et al. ‘Sleep Deprivation Effects on the Activity of the Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and Growth Axes: Potential Clinical Implications.’ Clin Endocrinol (1999): 51: 205–215.
665
Wittert, G. ‘The Relations Between Sleep Disorders and Testosterone in Men.’ Asian J Androl (2014): 16: 262–265.
666
Davidson, J. R. et al. ‘Growth Hormone and Cortisol Secretion in Relation to Sleep and Wakefulness.’ J Psychiatry Neurosci (1991): 16: 96–102.
667
Kloss, J. D. et al. ‘Sleep, Sleep Disturbance and Fertility in Women.’ Sleep Med Rev (2015): 22: 78–87.
668
ГАМК – это аббревиатура названия нейромедиатора гамма-аминомасляной кислоты; его функция заключается в снижении активности в тех нейронах, к которым он присоединяется, другими словами – в ГАМК-рецепторах. Когда это происходит, вы расслабляетесь. – Прим. автора.
669
Longo, L. P. and Johnson, B. ‘Addiction Part 1: Benzodiazepines – Side effects, Abuse Risk and Alternatives.’ Am Fam Physician (1 April 2000): https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/725c/bab0f1060a771d1d5c5d6cf2594e1d8c91be.pdf.
670
Parker, G. B. et al. ‘Determinants of Treatment-resistant Depression: The Salience of Benzodiazepines.’ J Nerve Ment Dis (2015): 203: 659–663.
671
Pagel, J. F. et al. ‘Medications for the Treatment of Sleep Disorders: An Overview.’ Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry (2001): 3: 118–125.
672
Malhotra, S. et al. ‘The Therapeutic Potential of Melatonin: A Review of the Science.’ MedGenMed (2004): 6: 46.
673
Patorno, E. et al. ‘Benzodiazepines and risk of all cause mortality in adults: cohort study.’ BMJ (2017): 358: j2941.
674
CBT-I is strongly recommended by the American College of Physicians as the first-line treatment for people suf ering from chronic insomnia – not sleeping tablets.
675
Eriksson, E. et al. ‘Consistent Superiority of Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitors Over Placebo in Reducing Depressed Mood in Patients with Major Depression.’ Mol Psychiatry (2016): 21: 523–530.
676
Owens, M. J. et al. ‘Role of Serotonin in Pathophysiology of Depression: Focus on the Serotonin Transporter.’ Clin Chem (1994): 40: 288–295.
677
Smith, K. A. et al. ‘Relapse of Depression After Rapid Depletion of Tryptophan.’ The Lancet (1997): 349: 915–919.
678
Swaab, D. et al. ‘Elevated Cortisol in Rats Induces Neuronal Damage.’ Ageing Res Rev (2005): 4 (2): 141–194.
679
Hen, R. et al. ‘Chronic Fluoxetine Stimulates Maturation and Synaptic Plasticity of Adult-born Hippocampal Granule Cells.’ J Neurosci (2008): 1374–1384.
680
Mao, Q. Q. et al. ‘Long-term Treatment with Peony-glycosides Reverses Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress-induced Depressive-like Behaviour via Increasing Expression of Neurotrophins in Rat Brain.’ Behav Brain Res (2010): 210: 171–177.
681
Benicky, J. et al. ‘Blockade of Brain Angiotensin II Receptors Ameliorates Stress, Anxiety, Brain Infl ammation and Ischaemia: Therapeutic Implications.’ Psychoneuroendocrinology (2011): 36: 1–18.
682
Dantzer, R. et al. ‘Infl ammation-associated Depression: From Serotonin to Kynurenine.’ Psychoneuroendocrinology 36: 426–436.
683
Bremmer, M. A. et al. ‘Infl ammatory Markers in Late-life Depression: Results from a Population-based Study.’ J Af ect Disord (2008): 106: 249–255.
684
Lieberman, D. E. ‘Evolution’s Sweet Tooth.’ The New York Times (5 June 2012).
685
Greer, S. et al. ‘The Impact of Sleep Deprivation on Food Desire in the Human Brain.’ Nat Commun (2013): 4: 2259.
686
Rada, P. ‘Daily Bingeing on Sugar Repeatedly Releases Dopamine in the Accumbens Shell.’ Neuroscience (2005): 737–744.
687
Tanda, G. et al. ‘Cannabinoid and Heroin Activation of Mesolimbic Dopamine Transmission by a Common μ Opioid Receptor Mechanism.’ Science (1997): 276: 2048–2850.
688
Volkow, N. D. et al. ‘Imaging Dopamine’s Role in Drug Abuse and Addiction.’ Neuropharmacology (2009): 56: 3–8.
689
‘DSM IV Substance Dependence Criteria.’ American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.) American Psychiatric Association (2000).
690
Alexander, B. K. et al. ‘The Effect of Housing and Gender on Morphine Self-administration in Rats.’ Psychopharmacology (1978): 58: 175–179.
691
Robins, L. ‘Vietnam Veterans’ Rapid Recovery From Heroin Addiction: A Fluke or Normal Expectation?’ Addiction (1993): 88: 1041–1054.
692
Owens, M. J. et al. ‘Role of Serotonin in Pathophysiology of Depression: Focus on the Serotonin Transporter.’ Clin Chem (1994): 40: 288–295.
693
Walker, M. et al. ‘The Impact of Sleep Deprivation on Food Desire in the Human Brain.’ Nat Commun (2013): 2259.
694
Sinha, R. ‘Chronic Stress, Drug Use and Vulnerability to Addiction.’ Ann NY Acad Sci (2008): 1141: 105–130.
695
Dinan, T. G. ‘Glucocorticoids and the Genesis of Depressive Illness. A Psychobiological Model.’ Br J Psychiatry (1994): 164: 365–371.
696
Smith, K. A. et al. ‘Relapse of Depression After Rapid Depletion of Tryptophan.’ The Lancet (1997): 349: 915–919.
697
По материалам сайта Alzheimer’s Association alz.org.
698
Hurd, M. et al. ‘Monetary Costs of Dementia in the United States.’ N Engl J Med (2013): 368: 1326–1334.
699
Eli Lilly statement: http://lilly.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=9042&item=137604.
700
Powell, A. ‘Plotting the Demise of Alzheimer’s.’ Harvard Gazette(April 2017). URL: https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2017/04/harvard-researchers-plot-early-attack-against-alzheiers/.
701
Ibid.
702
Hasselmo, M. E. ‘The Role of Acetylcholine in Learning and Memory.’ Curr Opin Neurobiol (2006): 16 (6): 710–715.
703
Coyle, J. T. et al. ‘Alzheimer’s Disease: A Disorder of Cortical Cholinergic Innervation.’ Science (1983): 219: 1184–1190.
704
Nieoullon, A. ‘Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors in Alzheimer’s Disease: Further Comments on Their Mechanisms of Action and Therapeutic Consequences.’ Psychol Neuropsych Vieil (2010): 8: 123–131.
705
Moslemnezhad, A. et al. ‘Altered Plasma Marker of Oxidative DNA Damage and Total Antioxidant Capacity in Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease.’ Caspian J Intern Med (2016): 7: 88–92.
706
Cacabelos, R. et al. ‘The Glutamatergic System and Neurodegeneration in Dementia: Preventive Strategies in Alzheimer’s Disease.’ Int J Geriatr Psychiatry (1999): 14: 3–47.
707
Parsons, C. G. et al. ‘Glutamate in CNS Disorders as a Target for Drug Development: An Update.’ Drugs New Perspect. I (November 1998): 523–569.
708
Goedert, M. et al. ‘Tau Proteins and Neurofibrillary Degeneration.’ Brain Pathol (1991): 1: 279–286.
709
Deane, R. et al. ‘The Role of the Blood-brain Barrier in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease.’ Curr Alzheimer Res (2007): 4: 191–197.
710
Hardy, J. et al. ‘Amyloid Deposition as the Central Event in the Aetiology of Alzheimer’s Disease.’ Trends Pharmacol Sci (1991): 12: 383–388.
711
Xie, L. et al. ‘Sleep Drives Metabolite Clearance from the Adult Brain.’ Science (2013): 342: 373–377.
712
Spira, A. et al. ‘Impact of Sleep on Cognitive Decline and Dementia.’ Curr Opin Psychiatry (2014): 27: 478–483.
713
Mergenthaler, P. et al. ‘Sugar for the Brain: The Role of Glucose in Physiological and Pathological Brain Function.’ Trends Neurosci (2013): 36: 587–597.
714
Berti, V. et al. ‘PET/CT in Diagnosis of Dementia.’ Ann NY Acad Sci(2011): 1228: 81–92.
715
Reiman, E. M. et al. ‘Functional Brain Abnormalities in Young Adults at Genetic Risk for Late-onset Alzheimer’s Dementia.’ Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2004): 101: 284–289.
716
Moreira, P. I. ‘High-sugar Diets, Type-2 Diabetes and Alzheimer’s Disease.’ Curr Opin Clin Nutrit Metab Care (2013): 16: 440–445.
717
Kiyohara, Y. et al. ‘Glucose Tolerance Status and Risk of Dementia in the Community: The Hisayama Study.’ Neurology (2011): 77 (12): 1126.
718
Feldman, E. et al. ‘Insulin-resistance is a Key Link for the Increased Risk of Cognitive Impairment in the Metabolic Syndrome.’ Exp Mol Med (2015): 47: e149.
719
Claxton, A. et al. ‘Long-acting Intranasal Insulin Detemir Improves Cognition for Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment or Early-stage Alzheimer’s Disease Dementia.’ J Alzheimers Dis (2015): 44: 897–906.
720
Cao, D. et al. ‘Intake of Sucrose-sweetened Water Induces Insulin Resistance and Exacerbates Memory Deficits and Amyloidosis in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease.’ J Biol Chem (2007): 282: 36275–36282.
721
Pivovarova, O. et al. ‘Insulin-degrading Enzyme: New Therapeutic Target for Diabetes and Alzheimer’s Disease.’ Ann Med (2016): 48: 614–624.
722
Ward, A. et al. ‘Prevalence of Apolipoprotein E 4 Genotype and Homozygotes (APOE e4/4) among Patients Diagnosed with Alzheimer’s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.’ Neuroepidemiology (2012): 38 (1): 1–17.
723
Chia-Chen, L. et al. ‘Apolipoprotein-E and Alzheimer’s Disease: Risk, Mechanisms and Therapy.’ Nat Rev Neurol (2013): 9: 106–118.
724
Dietschy, J. M. ‘Central Nervous System: Cholesterol Turnover, Brain Development and Neurodegeneration.’ Biol Chem (2009): 390: 287–293.
725
West, R. et al. ‘Better Memory-functioning Associated with Higher Total and Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels in Very Elderly Subjects without the apolipoprotein E 4 Allele.’ Am J Geriatr Psychiatry (2008): 16: 781–785.
726
Lane-Donovan, C. et al. ‘High-Fat Diet Changes Hippocampal Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) in a Genotype- and Carbohydrate-Dependent Manner in Mice.’ PLoS One (2016): 11 (2): e0148099.
727
Lanctot, C. et al. ‘Correlates of Response to Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor Therapy in Alzheimer’s Disease.’ J Psychiatry Neurosci (2003): 28: 13–26.
728
Head, D. et al. ‘Exercise Engagement as a Moderator of the Effects of APOE Genotype on Amyloid Deposition.’ Arch Neurol (2012): 69 (5): 636–643.
729
White, H. et al. ‘Clinical Review: Ketones and Brain Injury.’ Crit Care (2011): 15: 219.
730
Cunnane, S. et al. ‘Can Ketones Help Rescue Brain Fuel Supply in Later Life? Implications for Cognitive Health during Aging and the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease.’ Front Mol Neurosci (2016): 9: 53.
731
Henderson, S. T. et al. ‘Study of the Ketogenic Agent AC-1202 in Mild to Moderate Alzheimer’s Disease: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Multicenter trial.’ Nutr Metab (Lond) (2009): 6: 31.
732
White, H. et al. ‘Clinical Review: Ketones and Brain Injury.’ Crit Care (2011): 15: 219.
733
Krikorian, R. et al. ‘Dietary Ketosis Enhances Memory in Mild Cognitive Impairment.’ Neurobiol Aging (2012): 33: 19–25.
734
Maalouf, M. et al. ‘The Neuroprotective Properties of Calorie Restriction, the Ketogenic Diet and Ketone Bodies.’ Brain Res (2009): 59: 293–315.
735
Li, L. et al. ‘Chronic Intermittent Fasting Improves Cognitive Functions and Brain Structures in Mice.’ Plos One (2013): 8: e66069.
736
Saucedo Marquez, C. M. et al. ‘High-intensity Interval Training Evokes Larger Serum BDNF Levels Compared with Intense Continuous Exercise.’ J Appl Physiol (2015): 119: 1363–1373.
737
Heyn, P. et al. ‘The Effects of Exercise Training on Elderly Persons with Cognitive Impairment and Dementia: A Meta-analysis.’ Arch Phys Med Rehabil (2004): 85 (10):1694–1704.
738
Sharipour, R. B. et al. ‘N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) in Neurological Conditions: Mechanisms of Action and Therapeutic Opportunities.’ Brain Behav (2014): 4: 108–122.
739
Littlejohns, T. J. et al. ‘Vitamin D and the Risk of Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease.’ Neurology (2014): 83: 920–928.
740
Sabeti, J. et al. ‘Steroid Pregnenolone Sulfate Enhances NMDA-receptor-independent Long-term Potentiation at Hippocampal CA1 Synapses: Role for L-type Calcium Channels and Sigma-Receptors.’ Hippocampus (2007): 17 (5): 349–369.
741
The Lancet Commission on pollution and health (19 October 2017).
742
Sparano, J. A. et al. ‘Adjuvant Chemotherapy Guided by a 21-Gene Expression Assay in Breast Cancer.’ N Engl J Med (2018). URL: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa180471.
743
Kilpeläinen, T. O. et al. ‘Physical activity attenuates the influence of FTO variants on obesity risk: A meta-analysis of 218,166 adults and 19,268 children.’ PLoS Medicine (2011).
744
Reardon, S. ‘Modified viruses deliver death to antibiotic-resistant bacteria.’ Nature (2017): 546.
745
Liao, H. K. et al. ‘In Vivo Target Gene Activation via CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Trans-epigenetic Modulation.’ Cell (2017): 171: 1495–1507. Sanz, D. J. et al. ‘Cas9/gRNA targeted excision of cystic fibrosis-causing deep-intronic splicing mutations restores normal splicing of CFTR mRNA.’ PLoS One (2017): 12.
746
Powell, A. ‘Recalling a lab-led rescue.’ Harvard Gazette (2013).
747
Voltarelli, J. C. et al. ‘Autologous Nonmyeloablative Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Newly Diagnosed Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.’ JAMA (2007): 297: 1568–1576.
748
Lee, S. S. et al. ‘Gel scaf olds of BMP-2-binding peptide amphiphile nanofibers for spinal arthrodesis.’ Adv Healthcare Mat (2015): 4: 131–141.
749
Zhang, G. et al. ‘A delivery system targeting bone formation surfaces to facilitate RNAi-based anabolic therapy.’ Nat Med (2012): 18: 307–314.
750
Webber, M. J. et al. ‘Development of bioactive peptide amphiphiles for therapeutic cell delivery.’ Acta Biomater (2010): 6: 3–9.
751
‘Heart-muscle patches made with human cells improve heart attack recovery.’ ScienceDaily (2018).
752
Filareto, A. et al. ‘An ex vivo gene therapy approach to treat muscular dystrophy using inducible pluripotent stem cells.’ Nat Commun (2013): 4: 1549.
753
Ma, K. et al. ‘Synergetic Targeted Delivery of Sleeping-Beauty Transposon System to Mesenchymal Stem Cells Using LPD Nanoparticles Modified with a Phage-Displayed Targeting Peptide.’ Adv Funct Mater (2013): 23: 1172–1181.
754
Zhang, Y. et al. ‘Hypothalamic stem cells control ageing speed partly through exosomal miRNAs.’ Nature (2017): 548: 52–57.
755
Wyss-Coray, T. et al. ‘Young blood reverses age-related impairments in cognitive function and synaptic plasticity in mice.’ Nat Med (2014): 20: 659–663.
756
Wyss-Coray, T. et al. ‘Human umbilical cord plasma proteins revitalize hippocampal function in aged mice.’ Nature (2017): 544: 488–492.
757
Kawaguch, J. ‘People/Words to Live By: Author/physician Shigeaki Hinohara.’ The Japan Times (29 January 2009).